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GCSE Edexcel Separate Chemistry > SC1, SC2: States of Matter, Methods of Separating and Purifying Substances > Flashcards

SC1, SC2: States of Matter, Methods of Separating and Purifying Substances Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

solids, liquids and gas

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2
Q

What is the arrangement of particles in gas?

A
  • random
  • apart
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3
Q

What is the arrangement of particles in liquids?

A
  • random
  • close together
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4
Q

What is the arrangement of particles in solids?

A
  • regular
  • close together
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5
Q

What is the movement of particles in gas?

A
  • fast
  • in all directions
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6
Q

What is the movement of particles in liquids?

A
  • move around each other
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7
Q

What is the movement of particles in solids?

A
  • vibrate
  • fixed positions
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8
Q

What are physical changes?

A

Changes that can be reversed and don’t alter the chemical properties of the substance and can be reversed. Only their movement, arrangement, and amount of stored energy is affected

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9
Q

What type of change is a change in state?

A

Physical

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10
Q

What are attractive forces?

A

Forces in which one object attracts the other

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11
Q

In which state do particles have the most energy (at the same temperature)?

A

Gas

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12
Q

Describe the properties of a solid

A
  • fixed volume
  • fixed shape
  • cannot flow, because particles can’t move
  • can’t be compressed because particles are close together and have no space to move into
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13
Q

Describe the properties of a liquid

A
  • fixed volume
  • no fixed shape
  • can flow and take the shape of the container because their particles can move around each other
  • cannot be compressed easily because particles are close together and barely any space to move into
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14
Q

Describe the properties of a gas

A
  • no fixed shape or volume
  • can flow and completely fill their container because their particles can move quickly in all directions
  • can be compressed because particles are far apart and have space to move into
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15
Q

What is sublimination?

A

When a solid turns straight into a gas on heating without becoming a liquid first, or vice versa

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16
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

Has the same fixed composition in all its parts so we can’t separate it into other substances using physical methods

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17
Q

What must we do to a substance to witness a change in state?

A

Heat it or cool it down

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18
Q

What is the energy gained during a change of state used to do?

A
  • break or overcome some bonds between particles during melting
  • break or overcome all remaining bonds during evaporation
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19
Q

During condensation and freezing, do particles gain or lose energy?

A

Particles lose energy as bonds form between them

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20
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Contains elements and/ or compounds that are not chemically joined together

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21
Q

Why is the melting point of a mixture different to that of a pure substance?

A
  • a pure substance has fixed boiling and melting points because it has the same composition everywhere, therefore the physical properties are consistent throughout the substance
  • a mixture has a range of melting and boiling points because they have a different composition everywhere
22
Q

What are filters used for?

A

To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. It lets smaller pieces or liquids through but traps larger/ insoluble substances

23
Q

Define insoluble

A

Unable to dissolve in a certain solvent

24
Q

What is crystallisation used for?

A

To produce solid crystals from a solution. Used to separate the solvent from its solutes

25
Q

Define solutes

A

The substance that dissolves in a liquid to create a solution

26
Q

What is the effect of a slow formation of crystals?

A

Gives particles more time to form an ordered pattern, resulting in larger crystals

27
Q

What is simple distillation used for?

A

To separate a solvent from a solution

28
Q

What is distillation?

A

The action of purifying a liquid through a process of heating and cooling

29
Q

Why does distillation work?

A

The dissolved solute has a much higher boiling point than the solvent, causing the solvent to evaporate when the solution is heated to its boiling point, leaving behind the solute

30
Q

What is paper chromotography?

A

A technique used to separate the different components of a mixture

31
Q

Why does paper chromatography work?

A

Some compounds dissolve better in a solvent than others

32
Q

What are the two phases paper chromatography relies on?

A
  • the stationary phase
  • the mobile phase
33
Q

Describe what happens during the stationary phase

A

When the paper chromatography is an absorbent, uniform paper

34
Q

Describe the mobile phase

A

When the solvent moves through the paper, carrying the other substances in it

35
Q

What does separation by chromatography produce?

A

Chromatogram

36
Q

What is paper chromatography used to distinguish between?

A

pure and impure substances
—> Pure substances produce one spot on the chromatogram
—> Impure substances produce two or more spots

37
Q

What is the Rf value?

A

The distance the compound has risen divided by the distance the solvent has risen

38
Q

How do we calculate the Rf value?

A

distance moved by the spot/ distance moved by the solvent

39
Q

Describe a few methods used to treat water to make it potable

A
  • Sedimentation: small particles allowed to clear out
  • Filtration tank: water passed through sand and gravel to get rid of any more insoluble substances
  • Chlorine gas is added to kill harmful microorganisms
  • Drinking water tower tests the water to check if it is purified and scans for remaining harmful substances
40
Q

How can pure water be produced from seawater?

A

Simple distillation

41
Q

What is deposition?

A

When a gas turns directly into a solid without becoming a liquid first

42
Q

Define melting point

A

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

43
Q

Define boiling point

A

The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas

44
Q

What is the particle theory?

A

Matter is made up of tiny particles which are represented as small, solid spheres which are constantly moving

45
Q

Describe how sea water can be made potable by using distillation.

A
  • Filtered sea water is boiled.
  • The water vapour is cooled and condensed to from distilled water.
46
Q

Describe how waste and ground water can be made potable.

A

Step 1: Sedimentation - Large insoluble particles sink to the bottom of the tank.
Step 2: Filteration - small insoluble particles are removed by filtering through beds of sand.
Step 3: chlorination - chlorine gas is bubbled from the water to kill microbes.

47
Q

Explain how fractional distillation works.

A

When the mixture is heated:

  • the mixture boils and vapour rises up.
  • vapour condenses depending on its boiling point.
48
Q

Explain how Simple Distillation works.

A

When the solution is heated:

  • the solvent boils.
  • solvent gas passes into condenser.
  • Vapour is cooled and condensed back to liquid state.
49
Q

Explain why water used for chemical analysis must not contain any salts.

A

Dissolved salts could react with the substances in the analysis, therefore intervening with the analysis.

50
Q

What is fractional distillation used for?

A

To separate liquids from a mixture of miscible liquids.

51
Q

What is simple distillation used for?

A

To separate a solvent from a solution

GCSE Edexcel Separate Chemistry (27 decks)

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