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Geography MASTER > Regeneration EQ1 - How and why do places vary? > Flashcards

Regeneration EQ1 - How and why do places vary? Flashcards

1
Q

What is a place?

A

Geographical spaces shaped by individuals and communities over time

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2
Q

What is the rural-urban continuum?

A

The unbroken transition from sparsely populated or unpopulated, remote rural places to densely populated, intensively used urban places

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3
Q

What is dynamism?

A

The rate at which places change

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4
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Long term upgrading of existing urban, rural, industrial and commercial areas to bring about social and economic change on a long-term scale

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5
Q

How can economic activity be classified?

A
  • by sector (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
  • by type of employment (part time/full time, temporary/permanent, employed/self employed)
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6
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

Jobs involving the extraction or production of raw materials

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7
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

Jobs involving the manufacturing or production of raw materials

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8
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Jobs made up of different types of services from the public, private or voluntary sectors

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9
Q

What is the quarternary sector?

A

Jobs involving the provision of specialist services, which can include law, finance and ICT

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of employment?

A
  • employees with contracts (permanent or fixed)
  • workers (agency staff and volunteers)
  • self-employed (freelancers, consultants and contractors)
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11
Q

What are some of the controversial aspects of work?

A
  • Gender gap narrowed, but still exists (men paid 10% more on average than women)
  • Zero-hours contracts, designed for casual ‘piece work’ or ‘on call’ work
  • Illegal work
  • Temporary and seasonal work usually has low pay
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12
Q

How are differences in economic activity reflected?

A

By variations in social factors
- health
- life expectancy
- levels of education

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13
Q

What is a location quotient?

A

A mapable ratio that helps show specialisation in any data distribution being studied

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14
Q

What is gross value added?

A

A measure of the contribution to the economy of each individual producer, industry or sector

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15
Q

What is the postcode lottery?

A

The uneven distribution of local personal health and health services nationally, especially in mental health, early cancer diagnosis, and emergency care for the elderly

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16
Q

What is the Glasgow effect?

A

The impacts of poor health linked to deprivation

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17
Q

How is health linked to economic sectors?

A

Variations in income can affect the quality of people’s housing and diets.
Geographical factors = spatial distribution of food - access to food and lifestyle choices
Variations in healthcare nationally - postcode lottery

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18
Q

What are factors that impact life expectancy?

A
  • Gender
  • Income
  • Occupation
  • Education
  • Diet
  • Smoking
19
Q

How does education link to deprivation?

A

Education is inequal across UK - outcome (measured by examination success) is strongly linked to income levels
Children in poverty have lower educational achievement and are more likely to continue to underachieve

20
Q

What is household food insecurity?

A

A household-level economic and social condition of limited or uncertain access to adequate food

21
Q

How are inequalities in pay levels across economic sectors and in different types of employment reflected?

A

In quality of life indices

22
Q

What is quality of life?

A

The level of social and economic well-being experienced by individuals or communities measured by various indicators such as health, happiness, educational achievement, income and leisure time

23
Q

What are functions?

A

The roles a place plays for its community and surroundings. These may be regional, national or even global, and can grow, disappear and change over time

24
Q

What are characteristics?

A

The physical and human aspects that help distinguish one place from another
e.g. location, natural features, layout, cultural traits, architecture

25
Q

What are the 4 main functions?

A
  • administrative
  • commercial
  • retail
  • industrial
26
Q

What are demographic changes?

A

Changes in characteristics of age structure and ethnic composition of an area (also includes gentrification)

27
Q

What are functional changes?

A

An area’s purpose shifting, often due to the people that live there

28
Q

What is gentrification?

A

A change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location

29
Q

What are the positives of gentrification?

A

New investment attracted to the area, increased property values, crime rates drop, ease strain on public infrastructure while vacancy rates lowered, PME

30
Q

What are the negatives of gentrification?

A

Working class pushed out by rising prices, this can lead to social tension and conflict, social division, segregation

31
Q

What are the factors explaining reasons for change in a place?

A
  • physical factors
  • accessibility and connectedness
  • historical development
  • role of local and national planning
32
Q

What are the physical factors affecting the changing characteristics of places?

A
  • location
  • environment
  • technology
33
Q

What historical development factors affect the changing characteristics of places?

A
  • post production era
  • competition for optimum site of functions
  • changes in consumer trends
  • increased affluence (more leisure/tourism)
  • historic buildings
34
Q

What are the roles of planning by governments/other stakeholders that affect the changing characteristics of places?

A
  • national government policies
  • ‘plan led’ system, tight control over developments, zoning (Green Belts)
  • conservation area policies
  • central government intervention
  • local planning centres
  • image
35
Q

How can change be measured?

A
  • employment trends
  • demographic changes
  • land use changes
  • levels of deprivation (IMD)
36
Q

What are the 7 domains of deprivation included in the IMD?

A

Income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, living environment

37
Q

How does the IMD help identify places in need of regeneration?

A

Provides a relative scale for comparison rather than an absolute one
Shows changes over time
Good synopsis of deprivation (weighting of different domains)
Allows resources to be correctly allocated or crime targeted

38
Q

3 key facts about Harpenden (local place)

A
  • unemployment rate lower than national average and Herts average
  • house prices triple the national average
  • 16 Ofsted Outstanding schools
39
Q

3 key facts about Luton (contrasting local place)

A
  • 7% unemployment rate (over national average)
  • 14 schools rated by Ofsted as ‘needing improvement’
  • average house price is £300,000
40
Q

Social and economic changes in Harpenden due to regional and national influences (local place)

A

ECONOMIC
- creation of the Thameslink service to St. Pancras transformed Harpenden into a prosperous commuter town with a population of around 30,000
- many people live in the town for the attractive green landscape and surroundings but also for the proximity to London and ability to commute into work easily
SOCIAL
- good educational centre means that an intelligent workforce is generated

41
Q

Sense of identity in Harpenden due to social and economic changes (local place)

A
  • reasonably small town surrounded by countryside, giving it clear boundaries and therefore a sense of place
  • sense of place identity strengthened by named institutions e.g., Harpenden Station, Harpenden Town FC, Harpenden Arms pub.
  • strong sense of community due to events such as pub quizzes, remembrance parades and Christmas fairs. Local schools also compete against each other in sporting and academic competitions.
42
Q

Social and economic changes in Luton (contrasting local place)

A

ECONOMIC
- history of manufacturing industries (automotive, hat making)
SOCIAL
- suffers from tension and a lack of integration due to diverse ethnic mix (significant population of Asian descent due to several waves of immigration)
- one of three British white minority towns
- identified in the media as an area of people with extremist social and religious viewpoints: several public Muslim protests

43
Q

Reasons that Luton is not as successful as Harpenden (contrasting local place)

A
  • intergenerational cycle of deprivation
  • a less desirable place to live, portrayed in media as having tensions and extremists.
  • manufacturing jobs are less well paid – no opportunity for job growth etc.

Geography MASTER (25 decks)

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