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Biotechnology > Unit 2: Micromolecules > Flashcards

Unit 2: Micromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are monomers and polymers?

A

monomers - smaller molecules
polymers - multiple monomers bonded together

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2
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

a water molecule is removed from a monomer so that it bonds with a polymer

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3
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

opposite of dehydration synthesis
water molecules is added to break the bond between monomers

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4
Q

What are the uses of carbohydrates?

A

main energy source for cells
also used for structure in plant cell walls + arthropod exoskeletons

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5
Q

What is the elemental makeup of a carbohydrate?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
in ratio of 1C : 2H : 1O

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6
Q

what are monosaccharides and polysaccharides?

A

types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides are monomers made up of only one sugar molecule
polysaccharides are made of multiple monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis.

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7
Q

What is a lipid? What are their main purposes?

A

not a polymer, unlike the other four macromolecule types
used to maintain body heat + store energy long term
also found in cells’ plasma membranes

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8
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

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9
Q

What is a lipid’s elemental makeup?

A

carbon and hydrogen

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10
Q

What are two examples of lipid categories?

A

hormones
steroids

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11
Q

What is the elemental makeup of a protein?

A

made of nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen

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12
Q

what is an amino acid

A

monomer that makes up proteins

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13
Q

Describe the structure of an amino acid.

A

contains 4 groups:
01 amino group (-NH2)
02 a hydrogen atom
03 carboxyl group (-COOH)
04 variable R-group, which is unique to the identity of the amino acid

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14
Q

How are amino acids linked together? What is the name for multiple amino acids linked together?

A

peptide bonds
known as a polypeptide

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15
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

formed between carbon from the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the nitrogen from the amino group of the other amino acid

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16
Q

What are the four levels of structure of polypeptides?

A

primary - a chain of amino acids
secondary - folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain
tertiary - 3d structure formed by further folding + arranging a polypeptide chain
quaternary - multiple polypeptide chains folded together

17
Q

name the nine purposes of proteins

A

making up cytoskeleton (cell skeleton)
speeding up chemical reactions
packing DNA to form chromosomes
transportation inside a cell
hormones
movement
fighting germs
cell surface receptors

18
Q

what does a catalyst do?

A

speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

19
Q

What is a substrate?

A

reactant in rxn with an enzyme
is broken down by an enzyme

20
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

where the substrate bonds to the enzyme and is broken down

21
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

specific enzymes fit only specific substrates
they match together in a unique way like a lock and key

22
Q

What factors effect enzyme activity? What can these factors cause?

A

pH
temperature
ionic strength
solubility
can cause proteins to unwind

23
Q

What is denaturing?

A

when an enzyme unwinds and loses its active site

24
Q

true or false: Enzymes can only be used in a reaction once.

A

false
they are reusable!!

25
Q

What does the suffix -ase indicate?

A

common naming convention for enzymes
what comes before -ase maybe indicates what the enzyme breaks down

26
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

A

DNA
RNA

27
Q

What is the purpose of DNA?

A

contains information (genes!!)

28
Q

What is the purpose of RNA?

A

uses the information contained in DNA to build proteins

29
Q

What do the R and D in DNA and RNA stand for?

A

R - ribose
D - deoxyribose

30
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

monomer that makes up nucleic acids

31
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

nitrogenous base
pentose (sugar)
phosphate group

32
Q

What are the two categories of nucleotides?

A

purines
pyramidines

33
Q

What is a purine? List them.

A

nucleotide that has two rings
adenine
guanine

34
Q

What is a pyrimidine? list them

A

nucleotide with only one ring
cytosine, thymine, uracil

35
Q

What physically differentiates DNA and RNA?

A

DNA has two strands
RNA has only one strand

36
Q

What are the bases of DNA?

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine

37
Q

What are the bases of RNA?

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
uracil

38
Q

What differentiates the bases of DNA from the bases of RNA?

A

DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil

Biotechnology (3 decks)

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