Neonates/Pediatric

Question 1

What is the age cut-off for neonates and pediatrics?

Answer 1

Neonates: birth to 2 weeks old
Pediatrics: 2 weeks old to 6 months old

Question 2

True or False: Puppies and kittens may have innocent murmur until they are 1 year old.

Answer 2

False

It usually disappears when they are 12 weeks old

Question 3

True or False: In neonates, glucosuria may be present and it is normal. It is usually disappear after 3 weeks old.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is the source of energy for myocardium in adult and neonate?

Answer 4

Adult: long-chain fatty acid
Neonate: carbohydrate (glucose)

Question 5

When do puppies autonomic nerve system become mature?

Answer 5

8 weeks old

Question 6

When does gag reflex develop in neonates?

Answer 6

10 days old

Question 7

Describe the ideal weight gain in puppies and kittens.

Answer 7

Puppies
- Double their weight in the first 10 days
- Gain 5-10% of their weight per day after that

Kittens
- Double their weight in the first 10 days
- Gain 10-15g per day

Question 8

When does puppies and kittens’ renal concentration and dilution function mature? What is normal neonates USG at the first few weeks of life?

Answer 8

10 weeks old

Hyposthesuria (1.006–1.0017)

Question 9

True or False: Lactate concentration are higher in normal puppies than in adult dogs.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

True or False: Decreased function of phase I metabolic reactions in the liver appear to occur with age in geriatrics and cause decreases in oxidation, reduction, dealkylation, and hydroxylation reactions. Phase II reactions do not appear to be altered.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

True or False: The neonate has a low-pressure, high-volume, and low peripheral resistance circulatory system.

Answer 11

False

Low-pressure, low-volume, and low peripheral resistance circulatory system

Question 12

If a 4-day-old puppy is bradycardic, what should you do?

Answer 12

Supply oxygen

In neonates, bradycardia is not vagally mediated and is indicative of hypoxemia → it is far more appropriate to supplement oxygen than to give parasympatholytic agents

Question 13

Why is the amount of work and pressure required for neonates to maintain tidal breathing is higher than adult?

Answer 13

Due to high compliance of the chest wall

Question 14

True or False: HCT in neonates are elevated at birth. They usually decreased at 3-weeks and the slowly increases to the adult references.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

True or False: In normal neonates, ALP and GGT are elevated at the first few weeks of life.

Answer 15

True

The source is likely from colostrum not liver.

Question 16

In stage 2 of parturition, when is the first puppy and kitten normally delivered?

Answer 16

Puppy: within 4 h of the onset of stage two
- Subsequent births occur every 15 min to 2 h
Kitten: within 1 h of the onset of stage two
- subsequent kittens every 10–60 min

Question 17

True or False: Shivering and vasoconstrictive reflexes are not developed in newborn.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

If you are going to use a tight-fitting mask to help neonate expand the lungs, what is the recommended pressure and how long should the pressure be held at?

Answer 18

20-30 cmH2O
3 sec

Question 19

What is the epinephrine dose for neonates during resuscitation?

Answer 19

0.1-0.3 mg/kg IV

Question 20

What is the naloxone dose for neonates during resuscitation?

Answer 20

0.1 mg/kg IV

Question 21

True or False: Before 14 d of age in puppies, there is little effect for atropine, and before 11 d in kittens, there is no effect of atropine on heart rate.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is the maintenance fluid rates for neopnate puppies?

Answer 22

60-180 ml/kg/day