block I Flashcards
Define anatomy and gross anatomy
a field in the biological sciences concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things.
– Gross anatomy involves the study of major body structures by dissection and observation and in its narrowest sense is concerned only with the human body
How is the anatomical position?
The anatomical position refers to a person standing erect, with their:
– Head, eyes (gaze), and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
– “Arms” at the sides with the palms facing anteriorly (forward)
– “Legs” close together with the feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly (forward)
Que es de cúbito?
acostado de lado forma horizontal
Define supine and prone
Supine:
– when body is lying on its “back side”, facing
“upwards” (“face up”)
- Prone:
– when body is lying on its “front side”, facing
“downwards” (“face down”)
Mention the anatomical planes
-sagittal (midsagittal or parasagittal) - divides de body into right and left halves
-Coronal (frontal)- divides into anterior and posterios portions
-Transvere (horizontal, axial, transaxial)- divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Mention the anatomical sections (3)
Longitudinal Sections:
– Run the length of the body vertically (head-to-foot)
– In the median, sagittal, or coronal planes, or in any vertical plane angled between 0 degrees and 180 degrees to these vertical planes
* Transverse (Cross) Sections:
– Sections in the horizontal plane.
– Perpendicular to the long axis of the body and to longitudinal sections.
– Exception: Transverse section of the foot is in the coronal plane because the long axis of the foot is horizontal (heal-to-toe)
* Oblique Sections:
– Sections that are not entirely in the median, sagittal, coronal or horizontal planes.
– In practice, a common type of imaging (radiology) section, owing to difficulties in accuracy and precision in staying entirely within the above planes
What is superior, inferior, anterior, and rostral?
Superior:
– Towards (closer to) the head or vertex (top of head).
* Inferior:
– Towards (closer to) the feet.
* Anterior:
– Towards (closer to) the front side of the body.
– Comparable to the common terms “forward” and “in front”.
– AKA Ventral, commonly used in embryology.
* Rostral:
– At the head end or closer to the nose and mouth.
– Alternative word to anterior or superior, depending upon the context.
– Used when referring to structures of the central nervous system (CNS).
Explain posterior, cranial, caudal and dorsal
Posterior:
– Towards (closer to) the back side of the body
– Comparable to the common term “behind”
* Cranial:
– Towards (closer to) the head
– Most commonly used in embryology
* Caudal:
– Towards (closer to) the tail or hind parts
– Most commonly used in embryology
* Dorsal (Dorsum):
– Towards (closer to) the back side of the body
– Most commonly used in embryology
Explain in plane terms
Explain palmer (palm), plantar (sole), medial, lateral
Palmer (Palm)
– Term used specifically for the hand
– Comparable to anterior
* Plantar (Sole)
– Term used specifically for the foot
– Comparable to inferior
* Medial
– Towards (closer to) the midline or median plane of the body
* Lateral
– Farther from the midline or median plane of the body
Explain in plane terms
Explain proximal, distal, superficial, deep, intermediate, external and internal
- Proximal
– Closer to the attachment or origin of a limb, body segment, or structure - Distal
– Farther (more distant) from the attachment or origin of a limb, body segment, or structure - Superficial
– Closer to the external surface of the body - Deep
– Closer to the innermost structures of the body. - Intermediate
– In between more superficial structures and deeper structures - External:
– Outside or farther from the center of an organ or cavity
– Similar to superficial, but not related to a particular direction - Internal:
– Inside or closer to the center of a structure, organ, or cavity
– Similar to deep, but not related to a particular direction
In terms of laterality, what is bilateral and provide an example?
– Body segments, organs, or structures in the body that are paired (one on the left and one on the right)
-Lungs, kidneys
In terms of laterality, what is unilateral and provide an example?
-Organs or structures in the body that are not paired (only one) and occur on one side of the body
-right or left side; pancreas, liver
In terms of laterality, what is ipsilateral and provide an example?
-Body segments, organs, or structures that are on the same side of the body
-left arm, left leg
In terms of laterality, what is contralateral and provide an example?
-Body segments, organs, or structures that are on opposite sides of the body
-left arm, right leg
Identify all the laterality terms
Which organs can not be classified by the laterality terms due to their position?
heart, aorta, esófago, nariz
Demonstrate flexion and extension of upper limb at shoulder and lower limb at hip joint
Demonstrate flexion and extension of forearm at elbow joint and of leg at knee joint
Demonstrate flexion and extension of vertebral column at intervertebral joints
Demonstrate flexion and extension of hand at wrist joint
Demonstrate opposition and reposition of thumb and little finger at carpometacarpal
Demonstrate pronation and supination of forearm at radio-ulnar
Demonstrate ABDuction and ADDuction of 2nd, 4th and 5th digits at metacarpophalangeal joints
Demonstrate ABDuction of 3rd digits at metacarpophalangeal joints
Demonstrate ABDuction and ADDuction of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint occuring in sagittal plane rotated at 90 degrees
Demonstrate extension and flexion at metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints that occurs in frontal planes, opposite to the movements at all other joints.
Demonstrate ABDuction and ADDuction of right limbs and rotation of left limbs at glenohumeral and hip joints
Demonstrate circumduction of lower limb at hip joint
Demonstrate dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of foot at ankle joint
Demonstrate inversion and eversion of foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
Demonstrate lateral bending (lateral flexion) of trunk and rotation of upper trunk, neck and head
Demonstrate elevation and depression of shoulders
Demonstrate portrusion and retrusion of jaw at temporomandibular joints
Demonstrate protraction and retraction of scapula on thoracic wall
What are anatomical variations?, do they have effects? how are they discovered?
– Structural change from the classical description.
– Usually has no effect on effect normal function of the anatomical structure.
– Often discovered during imaging or surgical procedures, or in cadaver dissection.
What is a congenital anomaly or birth defect and provide example?
-Variation often evident at birth or soon to o aberrant form or function
-spina bifida
What are the classifications of joints?
-Synovial joints
-Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
What are synovial joints? examples
-These joints has a joint capsule line by a serous synovial membrane enclosing the articular cavity that contains synovial fluid
-Bones that unite inside a fibrous capsule with fluid
-Needs to have hyaline cartilage
ex: knee joint
What are fibrous joints? examples
-These joints are united by fibrous tissue and membranes or ligaments
ex: suture in skull and dentro-alveolar syndesmosis (gomphosis)
What are cartilaginous joints? examples
-These joints are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
-Can also be synovial
ex: Femur (primary) and intervertebral disc (secondary).
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Serves as lubricant like WD-40
Mention the types of synovial joints
-Pivot
-Ball and socket
-Plane
-Hinge
-Saddle
-Condyloid
Mention the plane of movement of Pivot joint and an example
-uniaxial (a rounded process of bone fits into a body ligamentous socket, permitting rotation
-Dents, Atlas C1 and Axis C2 (movimiento de decir que “no” con la cabeza)
Mention the plane of movement of Ball and Socket joint and an example
-multiaxial (A rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes)
-Hip joint and shoulder joint
Mention the plane of movement of Plane joint and an example
-Usually uniaxial (Permit gliding or sliding movements; not much range of movement)
-Acromioclavicular joint
Mention the plane of movement of Hinge joint and an example
-Uniaxial (Permit flexiona nd extension only)
-Elbow joint
Mention the plane of movement of Saddle joint and an example
-Biaxial (Saddle-shaped heads permit movement in two different planes)
-Carpometacarpal joint
Mention the plane of movement of Condyloid joint and an example
-Biaxial (Permit flexion and extension, ABDuction and ADDuction, and circumduction.
-Metacarpophalangeal joint
Mention the components of body walls
Thoracic wall
Abdominal Wall
Deep muscles of the back
Mention the surface anatomy of anterior thoracic wall in a man’s body
Mention the surface anatomy of anterior thoracic wall in a woman’s body
Mention the surface anatomy of the anterior
Mention the vertical lines of the lateral
Mention the posterior vertical lines of the posterior
What does the thoracic wall consists of?
Skin, fascia, nerves, vessels, muscles, cartilages, and bones.
What are the functions of the components of the thoracic wall?
-Resist the negative internal pressures generated by the elastic recoil of the lungs and inspiratory movements.
-Provides attachment for and supporting the weight of the upper limbs
-Provides attachment for many of the muscles of the upper limbs, neck, abdomen, and back and the muscles of respiration.
Mention the types of ribs
-True
-False
-Free
What are the bony structures of the thoracic cage?
-12 pairs of ribs
-Costal cartilage
-Sternum
-12 Thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs
-Apertures
What are the parts of the sternum?
-Manubrium
-Body
-Xiphoid process
Which are the apertures of the thoracic wall?
-Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)
-Inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)
Identify structures
How many true, false and free ribs are there present and how are they connected?
7 (true) [cartilage connects directly with sternum]
3 (false) [Their cartilage is attached to the cartilage of rib #7]
2 (free) [Dont have cartilage but provide form to the abdominal cavity]
What does the costal cartilage attach?
Attaches ribs to the sternum
Identify the structures of thoracic wall and vertebral level
Draw and identify the structures of a typical rib
3rd to 10th rib
Draw and identify the structures of an atypical rib; which are the atypical ribs?
1st, 2nd, 11th, and 12th
Identify the structures of the posterior joints of thoracic wall
Describe inspiration
Increase the intrathoracic diameters and volume of the thorax
Describe passive expriation
- The diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and other muscles relax
- Decreasing intrathoracic volume and increasing intrathoracic pressure, expelling air from the lungs through the same passages
With what structure does the superior articular facet of a typical rib articulates?
With the head of the vertebrae
With what structure does the tubercule of a typical rib articulates?
With transverse process
What is instrinsic?
Works where it is located
What is extrincsic?
Works outside of where it is located
Which muscles are used for respiration?
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis minor
Inferior part of the serratus anterior
Mention the functions of the pectoralis major
Movement of shoulder joints; flexion, adduction and medial rotation of the humerus
Mention the functions of the pectoralis minor
Depresses the point of the shoulder
Mention the functions of the inferior part of the serratus anterior
Pulls the scapula forward around the thorax
Identify the muscles
Identify muscles
Identify muscles
Identify the structure
Axillary process or tail of Spence
Where are the mammary glands located?
In the subcutaneous tissue overlying the pectoralis major and minor muscles
What is the cutaneous innervation of the nipple?
T4
Where does the bed of the breast extend from? identify
Extends from the 2nd rib above to the 6th or 7th rib below and may extend along the inferolateral edge of the pectoralis major toward the axillary fossa (armpit), forming an axillary process
Identify structures
Mention the functions of the suspensory ligaments of cooper
firmly attached the mammary glands to the dermis of the overlying skin
Mention the function of the lactiferous ducts
Give rise to buds that develop into 15– 20 lobules of the mammary gland
Mention the function of the lactiferous sinus
Each lactiferous duct has a dilated portion deep to the areola, the lactiferous sinus, in which a small droplet of milk accumulates or remains in the nursing mother
Identify arteries and explain how they irrigate the breast.
The blood passes through subclavian artery which converts into the axillary artery. Then, the bood passes through axillary artery which divides into the brachial artery and the lateral thoracic artery which gives rise to the lateral mammary branches to irrigate the lateral portion of the breast. On the medial portion of the breast or bed of the breast blood flows from the subclavian artery into the internal thoracic and its perforating branches and then the medial mammary branches.
Identify veins and explain how they drain the breast.
The blood drains through the lateral mammary veins into the lateral thoracic vein. then from the lateral thoracic vein, drains to the axillary vein and then into the subclavian vein. From the medial side, the medial mammary vein and the perforating branches of the internal thoracic vein, drain into the internal thoracic vein, then draining up and connecting with the subclavian and the jugular vein.
Why is the lymphatic drainage of the breast important?
Because of its role in the metastasis (spread) of cancer cells.
Mention some of the axillary lymph nodes
pectoral, humeral, subscapular, central, and apical groups
Where des lymph drain?
Most lymph (75%), especially from the lateral quadrants of the breasts, drains to the axillary lymph nodes
Identify the lymph nodes and explain how they drain
On the lateral side of the breast,the subscapular posterior lymph nodes, along with the humeral (lateral) lymph node, drain into the pectoral (anterior) lymph node, and then into the central lymph node. The lymphatic drainage continues woth the central lymph node and then into the apical lymph nodes. After, the drainage continues with the infraclavicular lymph nodes and then the subclavicular lymph nodes then into the deep cervical lymph nodes. On th emedial side, the subareolar lymphatic plexus drains into the parasternal lymph nodes, then the drainage continues into the bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk. It drains in the duct and then into the subclavian vein.
Which lymph nodes are the red flag for breast cancer and lung cancer?
Deep cervical lymph nodes
What are adenocarcinomas and where does it arise?
(glandular cancer) arising from the epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts in the mammary gland lobules.
How does breast cancer spread?
Breast cancer typically spreads from the breast by means of lymphatic vessels (lymphogenic metastasis), which carry cancer cells from the breast to the lymph nodes, chiefly those in the axilla
What are the breast cancer superficial signs
What organs are in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
What organs are in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?
What organs are in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?
What organs are in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?
What does the anterolateral abdominal wall consists of?
- Skin
- Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
-Campers Fascia
-Scarpa Fascia - Muscles and their aponeuroses
- Deep fascia
-Investing Fascia - Extraperitoneal fat
- Parietal peritoneum
Identify the structures
Which are the flat muscles of the of the anterolateral wall?
External oblique
Internal Oblique
Transversus abdominis
Which are the vertical muscles of the anterolateral wall?
Rectus abdominis
Pyramidalis
Identify the anterolateral abdominal muscles
What is the rectus sheath and what is it made of?
Formed by the interlaced aponeuroses
of the flat abdominal muscles, and its basically a coat of aponeuroses that cover the muscles of anterior abdominal wall
What is the rectus sheath’s content?
- Rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles
- The anastomosing superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins
- Lymphatic vessels
- Thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves
Draw the rectus sheath and identify components
What’a the difference between fascia and aponeurosis?
Fascia is more thin and it’s for dividing, and aponeurosis is more thick and it’s for support
How is the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line?
Enveloped by the anterior layer of the rectus sheath
How is the rectus sheath inferior to the arcuate line?
The aponeuroses of all three muscles, external and internal oblique and
transversus abdominis, pass anterior to the rectus abdominis to form the
anterior rectus sheath, leaving only the transversalis fascia to cover the
rectus abdominis posteriorly
Which arteries travel along the rectus sheath?
inferior and superior epigastric artery
Which arteries irrigate the abdominal wall?
Superior epigastric
-Branch of internal thoracic artery
Inferior epigastric
-Branch of external iliac artery
Identify
Where does the muscolophrenic artery go to?
To the diaphragm
What does the superior epigastric artery irrigate?
Supplies the rectus abdominis in the superior posterior part
What does the subcostal artery irrigate?
posterior intercostals and external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
The inferior epigastric artery comes from?
Comes from the external iliac artery.
Identify
What is the inguinal region?
-Extends between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
-It is a region where structures exit and enter the abdominal cavity and is,
therefore, clinically important because these are potential sites of herniation
What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?
Anterior wall:
-Formed by external oblique aponeurosis
Posterior wall:
-Formed by transversalis fascia
-Reinforced by the internal oblique and transversus abdominis aponeuroses into a common tendon—the inguinal falx (conjoint tendon)
Which are the main structures in the inguinal canal?
male:
* Spermatic cord conveying the ductus deferens in males and
* Ilio-inguinal nerve
female:
* Round ligament of the uterus in females
* Ilio-inguinal nerve
What are the two openings of the inguinal canal?
Deep inguinal ring:
-The internal entrance to the inguinal canal, is an evagination of the transversalis fascia
Superficial inguinal ring:
-The exit from the inguinal canal, is a slit-like opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique
Draw the inguinal canal and identify structures
Draw the inguinal canal for male
Draw the inguinal canal for female
Que hace el ligamento redondo y donde se degrada?
Mantiene el utero en su posición y se degrada en la labia majora
What is an inguinal hernia?
Protrusion of parietal peritoneum and viscera, such as the small intestine, through a normal or abnormal opening from the abdominal cavity.
What are the types of hernias and where are they found?
Direct Inguinal hernia [acquired by too much force]
-Usually found medial to the inferior epigastric arteries
-Pasan medial a las epigastricas y pueden llegar hasta la labia majora
-MENOS DIRECTA EN MUJERES
Indirect inguinal hernia [congenital]
-Usually found lateral to the inferior epigastric arteries
-pasan lateral a las epigastric
-can also occur in women
Which organ can be affected by hernias and how?
Since the intestine passes through the canal it can get pinched and necrotize
Mention the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
-Psoas major
-Quadratus lumburom
-Iliacus
What is the function of the Psoas major and the innervartion?
- Acting inferiorly with iliacus flexes thigh. [most strong flexor]
- Acting superiorly, flexes vertebral column laterally to balance the trunk
- when sitting, acts inferiorly with iliacus to flex the trunk.
-insertion point is in the femur - Innervated by L2- L4
-starts in T12-L1 and ends by L3/L4
Identify the muscles
What is the function of the Quadratus lumborum and the innervartion?
-Fixes or depresses the 12th rib during respiration.
-only muscles that is not from the back and it is associated tot he abdominal wall
-Laterally flexes vertebral column
-Innervated by anterior rami T12, L1-L4
-originate in the ribs and works til the iliac crest
What is the function of the iliacus and the innervartion?
(lateral side of the inferior part of the psoas major)
-Flexes thigh and stabilizes hip joint (works with psoas muscle)
-Innervated by (L2-L4) femoral nerve