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Z BIO104 - GENERAL ECOLOGY > Introduction to Ecology > Flashcards

Introduction to Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Ecology?
(Signifance)

A

Completes the Biology curriculum

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2
Q

Definition of Ecology

A
  • deals with the higher level of biological organization
  • the science that deals with the study of relationships between the living organisms and their environment
  • describe the habitat as well as the niche of organisms
  • investigations mostly conducted on field situations.
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3
Q

Habitat

A

Address

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4
Q

Niche

A

Profession
Role

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5
Q

Biological Organization

A

Subatomic Particles > Atoms > Compound > (Macromolecules) > Organelles > Cell > Tissue > Organs > Organ System > Organism

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6
Q

Example of Subatomic Particles

A
  • Neutron
  • Electron
  • Protons
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7
Q

What is an Atom?

A

Basic unit of matter

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8
Q

Example of Atoms

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Hydrogen
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Sulfur
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9
Q

What is a Compound?

A

Any substance composed of identical molecules consisting of atoms of two or more chemical elements`

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10
Q

What is Macromolecules?

A

Large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules

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11
Q

Example of Macromolecules

A
  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acid
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12
Q

What is Organelles?

A
  • “Tiny Organs”
  • A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
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13
Q

What is Cell?

A

Basic structural and functional unit of life

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14
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

A group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit

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15
Q

What is an Organ?

A

A collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function

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16
Q

What is Organ System?

A

A biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

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17
Q

What is an Organism?

A

Any living biological entity, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium

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18
Q

Ecological level of Organization

A

Organism > Population > Community > Ecosystem > Biosphere

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19
Q

Population and Community

A

Field of Ecology

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20
Q

Organism and Population

A

Autecology

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21
Q

What is autecology?

A

Single organism or populations (species)

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22
Q

Community and Ecosystem

A

Synecology

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23
Q

What is Synecology?

A

Group of several kinds of organisms

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24
Q

Best Definition of Ecology

A
  • the scientific study of processes regulating the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions among them
  • the study of how organisms in turn mediate the transport and transformation of energy and matter in the environment
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25
Q

What is Symbiotic Relationship

A
  • the relationship between two different individual species that live together in a close relationship (living together)
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26
Q

Sym

A

Together

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27
Q

Bio

A

Life

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28
Q

Types of Symbiotic Relationship

A
  • Herbivory
  • Commensalism
  • Mutualism
  • Competition
  • Predation
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29
Q

Herbivory

A
  • an interaction in which an animal consumes a producer, or plant
  • animal only eat a portion of a plant without “killing” it
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30
Q

Commensalism

A
  • species interaction in which one species benefits, but the other is neither harmed nor helped
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31
Q

Mutualism

A
  • interaction of two species that benefits each other by mutually increasing both species’ chance of survival or reproduction
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32
Q

Competition

A
  • the struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limited resource
  • two different species cannot share the same resource in the same conditions; one will always be excluded from the resource if it has a competitive diadvantage
  • different species can share, or partitio, the same resource if they have different behaviors in using that resource
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33
Q

Predation

A

an interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal

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34
Q

Symbiotic Relationship

A

Living to living organisms

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35
Q

Abiotic components of ecosystem

A
  1. Climate
  2. Soil, directly influence the forest trees
  3. Herbivores feed on the canopy
  4. Predators feed upon insects
  5. The forest canopy intercepts light, modifying its availability for understory plants.
  6. Decomposers, release nutrients to the soil that provide for the growth of plants.
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36
Q

Who coined the word “Oekologie”

A

Ernst Haeckel (German)

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37
Q

When did Ernst Haeckel coind the word “Oekologie”?

A

1869

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38
Q

What word did Ernst Haeckel coined in 1869

A

Oekologie

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39
Q

Greek word “oikos” means

A

House

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40
Q

Greek word for House

A

Oikos

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41
Q

Greek word “logos” means

A

Study of

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42
Q

Greek word for Study of

A

Logos

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43
Q

Ecology means

A

The study of nature’s household

44
Q

Economy of Nature

A
  • is how the resources of nature being distributed or manage among organisms
45
Q

Inorganic, nonliving component

A

Abiotic

46
Q

Organic, living component

A

Biotic

47
Q

Definition of Ecology by Andrewartha, 1961

A

The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms

48
Q

“The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms” by

A

Andrewartha, 1961

49
Q

Definition of Ecology by MacFacyden, 1963

A

A multidisciplinary Science

50
Q

“A multidisciplinary Science”

A

MacFacyden, 1963

51
Q

Definition of Ecology by Elton, 1987

A

A scientific natural history

52
Q

“A scientific natural history “ by

A

Elton, 1987

53
Q

Misconception about Ecology

A

Environmental Science is the same with Ecology

54
Q

Environmental Science

A
  • about “Environmentalism” =advocacy=
  • applied ecology
55
Q

Early History

A

1900 - modern science of ecology emerged, and its roots are largely but not entirely the botanical sciences
1800 - began exploring and mapping the world’s vegetation

56
Q

What was the CONFLICT between botanist and zoologist?

A

Botanists wanted to drop the “o” in “Oecology”

57
Q

Was the issue resolved?

A

Yes

58
Q

Divisions of Ecology

A
  • BASED ON SYSTEM STUDIED
  • BASED ON LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
  • BASED ON
    MECHANISM/FUNCTION
  • BASED ON TAXONOMIC GROUP
    STUDIED
59
Q

DIVISION OF ECOLOGY

BASED ON SYSTEM STUDIED

A

(marine, freshwater, terrestrial, forest, lake)

60
Q

DIVISION OF ECOLOGY

BASED ON LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

A

(individual, population, community, ecosystem, landscape)

61
Q

DIVISION OF ECOLOGY

BASED ON
MECHANISM/FUNCTION

A

(physiological, mathematical, chemical, ecotoxicology, conservation)

62
Q

DIVISION OF ECOLOGY

BASED ON TAXONOMIC GROUP STUDIED

A

(microbial, plant, avian, insect)

63
Q

Three Approaches to Ecology

A
  1. Systems Ecology
  2. Evolutionary Ecology
  3. Population Ecology
64
Q

Three Approaches to Ecology

Systems Ecology

A

analysis of the structure and function of the ecosystem by the use of mathematics and engineering in constructing models

65
Q

Three Approaches to Ecology

Evolutionary Ecology

A

concentrates on the changes taking places in organisms and their interactions with their environment due to adaptation

66
Q

Three Approaches to Ecology

Population Ecology

A

strongly directed on population dynamics creating theories and equations to derive ecological concepts

67
Q

What Ecologist Do?

A
  • Discover and describe patterns in nature (WHAT & WHERE)
  • Explain the observed patterns in nature (HOW & WHY)
68
Q

Types Of Scale

A
  1. Biological Scale
  2. Spatial Scale
  3. Temporal Scale
69
Q

Biological Scale

A

Individual Organism > Populations > Communities > Ecosystem

70
Q

Spatial Scale

A

The study area can be as small as within an organism or the entire biosphere.

71
Q

Scale of Ecological Investigations

A
  1. Individual Space
  2. Local Patch/Ecological Neighborhood
  3. Regional Scale
  4. Biogeographical Scale
72
Q

Spatial Scale

Scale of Ecological Investigations
(Individual Space)

A

Physiological Ecology, Sociobiology, Foraging Ecology, Reproductive Biology

73
Q

Spatial Scale

Scale of Ecological Investigations
(Local Patch/Ecological Neighborhood)

A

Predation Studies, Behavior, Parasitism, Polination

74
Q

Spatial Scale

Scale of Ecological Investigations
(Regional Scale)

A

Migration Studies, Outbreaks, Habitat Preferences

75
Q

Spatial Scale

Scale of Ecological Investigations
(Biogeographical Scale)

A

Climate Limits, Evolutionary Ecology

76
Q

Temporal Scale

A

Succession studies – changes in community composition or ecosystem properties through time.

Can be matter of hours, or thousand of years, and all in between.

Long term studies (>3 years) are difficult to do and rare but have tremendous
value (example: social behavior in apes)

77
Q

Kinds of Evidence used by Ecologists

A
  1. Observation and Monitoring
  2. Manipulative field experiments
  3. Laboratory experiments including complex and simple systems
  4. Mathematical modelling
78
Q

Scientific Method

A

The scientific method is the sequence of steps that scientists follow, when attempting to answer a question or explain an observation

79
Q

Steps of Scientific Method

A
  1. Ask a Question
  2. Do Background Research
  3. Construct a Hypothesis
  4. Test with an Experiment
  5. Procedure Working? (Yes or No)
  6. Analyze data and draw conclusion
  7. Communicate results
80
Q

Fatality rate of Smallpox

A

30%

81
Q

It is the act of viewing or noting a detail, fact, or occurence

A

Observation

82
Q

It is a testable explanation or prediction based on the observation and the scientist’s prior knowledge

A

Hypothesis

83
Q

Types of Hypothesis

A

Null - negative
Alternative - positive

84
Q

Variables

A
  • Independent
  • Dependent
  • Controlled
85
Q

Independent Variable

A
  • New factor that is to be introduced and tested.
  • The variable being changed in the experiment
  • It is the cause
86
Q

Dependent Variable

A
  • The measured result that is influenced by the independent variable.
  • The variable that responds to the change
  • It is the effect
87
Q

Controlled Variable

A

Kept constant so they do not influence the dependent variable.

88
Q

It includes all of the measurements and observations made during the experiment

A

Data

89
Q

It states whether the hypothesis is supported by the experiment.

A

Conclusion

90
Q

It involves publishing the results for other scientists to review and check for error, bias, or uncontrolled variables

A

Peer review

91
Q

It is an estimate of how different a result is from the actual value

A

Margin of error

92
Q

Where did Vaccine originate?

A

from the latin word “vacca” which mean cow

93
Q

Experimental Design

A
  1. Controlled
  2. Natural
94
Q

It takes place in labs or artificial environments

A

Controlled

95
Q

It takes place in the real- world without manipulation.

A

Natural

96
Q

Pro and Con of Controlled Experimental Design

A

Pro: Allow for full control of all variables.
Con: Some environments are difficult or impossible to recreate or simulate.

97
Q

Pro and Con of Natural Experimental Design

A

Pro: Environment is more accurate and realistic.
Con: Some natural phenomena are hard to find.

98
Q

It is the preference for an experiment to turn out in a certain way

A

Bias

99
Q

It reduce bias by ensuring the test subjects do not know whether they in the experimental or control group
It eliminates placebo effect

A

Blind Experiment

100
Q

It prevent both scientists and subjects from knowing which is the experimental group

A

Double-blind experiments

101
Q

It is a statistical technique used to determine the degree to which two variables are related

A

Correlation

102
Q

It is when one variable directly influences the other

A

Causation

103
Q

Three types of Correlation

A

Positive
Negative
None

104
Q

As one variable increases or decreases, the other does the same

A

Positive

105
Q

As one variable increases, the other decreases

A

Negative

106
Q

There is no observed relationship between the variables

A

None

Z BIO104 - GENERAL ECOLOGY (8 decks)

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