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Biology > Cell Organelles > Flashcards

Cell Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What do all cells have?

A

DNA (genetic material)
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
ribosomes

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are made of cells
  2. The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
    3.All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
    4.Cells can differ substantially from one another but share common features
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3
Q

Cell Size

A

can be large or small

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4
Q

light microscope (LM)

A

visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses

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5
Q

Magnification

A

the ratio of an object’s image
size to its real size

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6
Q

Resolution

A

the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points

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7
Q

Contrast

A

visible differences in brightness between parts of the sample

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8
Q

Why do we not use light microscopes to study organelles?

A

The resolution of standard light microscopy is too low to study organelles, the membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

Scanning Electron Microscopes
Transmission Electron Microscopes

NOTE: they are all black and white images

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10
Q

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

A

focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

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11
Q

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

A

focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
- used mainly to study the internal structure of cells

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12
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Bacteria and Archea
  • no nucleus
  • DNA is in a region
  • Cytoplasm with cell membrane
  • No membrane-bound organelles
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13
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • organelles with nucleus
  • Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
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13
Q

Nucleioid

A

region in which DNA is left in prokaryotic cell

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14
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus

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15
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA is organized into discrete units

16
Q

Chromatin

A

one DNA molecule associated with proteins

17
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

18
Q

Lyosomal Enzymes

A
  • made by Smooth ER
  • function best in acidic environments
19
Q

What causes a food vacuole?

A

Some types of cell can engulf another cell by phagocytosis; this forms a food vacuole

20
Q

Function of food vacuole

A

lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules

21
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the
cell’s own organelles and macromolecules,
a process called autophagy

22
Q

Vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus

23
Q

Three types of vacuoles

A

Food Vacuoles
Contractile Vacuoles
Central Vacuoles

24
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

formed by phagocytosis

25
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

pump excess water out of cells

26
Q

Mitochondria

A

have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae

27
Q

Parts of Inner Membrane

A

intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

28
Q

Cristae

A

present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

29
Q

Chloroplasts

A

photosynthesize and have green pigment called chlorophyll

30
Q

Endosymbiot Theory

A

suggests that an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell

31
Q

What similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts lead to the endosymbiot theory?

A

Enveloped by a double membrane

Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules

Grow and reproduce somewhat independently
in cells

32
Q

What two things does chloroplast structure include?

A
  • Thylakoids
  • Granum
  • plastids
33
Q

Thylakoids

A

membranous sacs

34
Q

Granum

A

thylaokoids stacked

35
Q

Plastids

A

The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles

36
Q

Peroxisomes

A

specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane ; produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water ; get rid of free radicals

37
Q

Cell Membrane

A

made of phospholipids, proteins and cholestrol

Biology (20 decks)

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