B2 cell division Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene?

A

The basic unit of genetic material inherited from our parents. A gene is a section of DNA which controls part of a cell’s chemistry - particularly protein production.

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2
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A

Genetic structures that usually occur in functional pairs in the nucleus of cells (except in gametes and bacteria).

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3
Q

How much chromosomes do human usually have in one cell nucleus

A

Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.

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4
Q

What are genes and alleles?

A

A gene is a short length of DNA found on a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic or protein.

Alleles are different forms of the same gene.

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5
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA?

A

A = adenine
T = thymine
C = cytosine
G = guanine

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6
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. The material inside the nucleus of cells, carrying the genetic information of a living being.

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7
Q

When do cells need to divide?

A

an organism grows
an organism becomes damaged and needs to produce new cells

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8
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The series of stages that a cell goes through as it is growing and dividing.

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9
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

A type of cell division which produces daughter cells identical to the parent

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10
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

Stage 1:
chromosomes replicated and all sub-cellular structures such as
mitochondria and ribosomes reproduced
stage 2: (mitosis)
nucleus divides to form two identical daughter nuclei
stage 3:
cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to make two
independent cells

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11
Q

What are stem cells?

A

A cell found in foetuses, embryos and some adult tissues that can give rise to a wide range of other cells.They are undifferentiated.

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12
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When an unspecialised cell becomes a more specialised cell type

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13
Q

Why is cell division by mitosis important in the Human body?

A

New cells needed for growth and development, and worn out or
damaged cells must be replaced with identical cells.
Mitosis produces cells with same chromosomes and identical genetic
material, which fulfil same function as original cells.

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14
Q

Where does cell division take place in plants?

A

In the Meristem (region in plant shoots and roots in which cells are dividing, and so are undergoing mitosis.)

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15
Q

How does the differentiation abilities of plants and animals affect their ability to clone?

A

In plants differentiation can be reversed and mitosis induced.
Conditions can be changed to induce more mitosis.
Cells redifferentiate into different plant tissues needed to form a new
clone plant,
so plants can be cloned relatively easily.
In animals differentiation cannot be reversed (cells differentiate
permanently),
so clones cannot be made easily.
In order to make animal clones, embryos have to be cloned.

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16
Q

What are the advantages for using stem cells for disease?

A

Embryonic stem cells can make any type of adult cell
to repair or replace damaged tissues.
Could grow organs for transplants as needed.
Organs grown from stem cells could cause fewer rejection issues if right
techniques are used.

17
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants and animals?

A

bone marrow
embryos
plant meristems

18
Q

Where are scientists trying to test out new treatments from stem cells?

A
  • spinal cord damage
  • diabetes
  • heart damage after heart attack
  • eyesight in the blind
  • bone and cartilage repair
  • growing organs for transplant.
19
Q

What are the arguments for and against using embryonic stem cells in medical research?

A

for:
potential to cure many currently untreatable diseases/ injuries
grow new organs for transplant
prevent organ rejection
against:
use of human embryos problematic for some
risk of side effects (e.g., cancer, viral infection)
patients may need immunosuppressant drugs
development of treatments slow and expensive
difficult to control stem cells.

20
Q

What is Therapeutic Cloning?

A

Using cloning technology for medicinal purposes. One example is to use a person’s DNA to clone one of their organs for use in transplanting.

21
Q

Explain the advantages of plant stem cell cloning over normal plant reproduction.

A

Horticulture-
cloning allows production of large numbers of genetically identical
plants with known desirable characteristics
more economically and quickly than by normal plant reproduction

Rare Plants-
cloned to conserve them and prevent extinction
cannot be guaranteed by normal plant reproduction

Research-
production of large numbers of genetically identical plants for research more economical and quicker than by normal plant reproduction
effects of different variables can be seen more quickly