B9 respiration Flashcards
(20 cards)
Respiration is a_____ process?
exothermic
What does respiration release?
Usable Energy
What is energy used for in Organisms?
to drive the chemical reactions needed to keep organisms alive – the reactions to build complex
carbohydrates,
proteins and
lipids from the products of photosynthesis
in plants, and the products of
digestion in animals, require energy movement – in animals, energy is needed to make muscles contract, while in plants, it is needed for transport of substances in the
phloem
How much percent efficient is respiration?
Around 40
What is the balanced equation for Aerobic Respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water)
What is aerobic respiration?
The preferred form of respiration: Uses oxygen from the lungs and is the most efficient. Energy is released by the oxidation of glucose and it is released out of the mitochondria.
What is Anaerobic Respiration?
It is used when there is a lack of oxygen and it is the incomplete breakdown of glucose. It wholly takes place in the cytoplasm.
What does glucose break down into in anaerobic respiration in plants and animals?
Animals:
glucose → lactic acid + energy released
Plants+ Yeast:
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy released
( In yeast this process is called fermentation and is used to make foods like bread and beer)
Why do muscles need more energy when exercising?
the breathing rate and volume of each breath increases to bring more oxygen into the body and remove the carbon dioxide produced
the heart rate increases, to supply the muscles with extra oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide produced
What happens after long periods of intense exercise?
lactic acid levels build up- leading to muscle fatigue and cramps
glycogen
reserves in the muscles become low as more glucose is used for respiration, and additional glucose is transported from the liver.
What is oxygen debt?
The build up of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration needs to be removed so oxygen needs to be used to convert the lactic acid back to glucose in the liver.
If you exercise very hard or for a long time why do your muscles ache and not work effectively?
After long period of exercise muscles become short of oxygen and switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration, which is less efficient. Glucose molecules are not broken down completely,
so less energy is released than during aerobic respiration.
End products of anaerobic respiration are lactic acid and a small amount of energy, resulting in muscle fatigue.
Why do muscle tissue contain glycogen but other tissues do not?
Glycogen can be converted rapidly into glucose
to provide fuel for aerobic respiration, providing body cells with energy. Muscle tissue often needs sudden supply of energy for rapid contraction in a way that most other tissues do not, so muscle needs a glycogen store.Other tissues don’t need energy in the same way so have not evolved
to have glycogen stores.
Why do muscle cells have more mitochondria?
Muscle cells are assiciated with a large number of mitochondria as they require more energy to function than other cells. They need this because of their frequent contraction and relaxation, which requires more energy than average cells.
The liver is an organ of respiration. Evaluate this statement.
Liver is involved in a number of processes requiring a lot of energy,
including removal of lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration
(blood carries lactic acid from muscles to liver, where it is converted
back to glucose for aerobic respiration in cells),
conversion of glucose to glycogen when in excess,
and conversion of glycogen back to glucose when needed for
respiration.
Liver consequently carries out a lot of aerobic respiration to provide
energy needed for these reactions.
How does blood doping(adding more blood) help performance?
It increases red blood cells in body just before performance
allowing more oxygen to be carried to working muscles and prolonging
efficient aerobic respiration.
Why do athletes want to use their muscles aerobically for as long as possible?
Aerobic respiration releases more energy to allow muscles to contract more efficiently.
Athletes want to prolong this before switching to less efficient anaerobic
respiration.
What happens to your body if you train hard?
Increased Breathing Rate: Your body needs more oxygen and needs to get rid of more carbon dioxide. To facilitate this, your breathing rate increases.
Increased Tidal Volume: Tidal volume refers to the amount of air you inhale or exhale with each breath. During intense exercise, your tidal volume increases, allowing you to take in more oxygen with each breath.
More Efficient Gas Exchange: Hard training can lead to adaptations in your respiratory system that make gas exchange more efficient. This means your lungs become better at extracting oxygen from the air and getting it into your bloodstream, and at removing carbon dioxide from your blood.
Strengthened Respiratory Muscles: The muscles involved in breathing, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, become stronger and more efficient with training. This allows you to breathe more deeply and forcefully.
Liver’s role in metabolism
Processing nutrients: It metabolises carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from digested food.
Storing energy: It stores glucose as glycogen and releases it when needed.
Synthesising proteins: It produces essential proteins like albumin and clotting factors.
Detoxifying: It removes toxins from the blood, including drugs and alcohol.
Producing bile: It creates bile, which helps in fat digestion.
Regulating hormones: It helps regulate hormone levels in the body.
Liver and lactic acid
The liver plays a crucial role in managing lactic acid. It can convert lactic acid back into glucose via the Cori cycle, or it can further metabolise it. When lactic acid builds up faster than the liver can process it, it can lead to lactic acidosis .It’s important to remove lactic acid because its accumulation can lead to muscle fatigue, soreness, and reduced performance.
