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Psychology > 5 - approaches > Flashcards

5 - approaches Flashcards

1
Q

who was Wundt and what did he do?

A

Father of psychology in Germany 1879
separated psychology from philosophy and focused on studying the mind
very reductionist - simplified everything to cause and effect

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2
Q

what was the order of psychology approaches

A

Wundt
psychodynamic
behaviourist
social learning theory
humanistic
biological
cognitive

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3
Q

What are the strengths of using scientific methods to explain human behavior?

A

1 - more credible and likely to be accepted
2 - objective
3 - replicable
4 - variables give more control

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4
Q

Negatives of using scientific methods to explain human behaviour?

A

1 - hard to narrow down emotions (subjective)
2 - lack of predictability
3 - could be ethically unsound (emotionally or physically)

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5
Q

what are the behaviorist approach assumptions

A
  • we are born as a blank slate ‘tabula rasa’
  • strongly nurture over nature
  • scientific approach
  • observable and studied objectively
  • lab experiment based
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6
Q

what are the 2 behaviorism forms of learning?

A

1 - classical conditioning
2 - operant conditioning

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7
Q

what is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

a stimulus that reacts to an automatic response e.g. food in Pavlov’s experiment

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8
Q

what is an unconditional response?

A

automatic response to stimulus e.g. dogs salivating to food

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9
Q

what is a neutral stimulus?

A

a stimulus that initially creates no specific response other than focusing attention e.g. ringing bell

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10
Q

what is a conditioned response?

A

a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response e.g. bell

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11
Q

what is a conditioned response?

A

an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus e.g. dog salivating to bell

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12
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

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13
Q

benefits of classical conditioning

A

alters human behaviour and can be used in therapy

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14
Q

explain 4 other important features of classical training

A

1- timing
if the neutral stimuli cant be used to predict non-conditional response, then conditioning doesn’t take place
2 - extinction
the conditional response is not permanent
3 - spontaneous recovery
after extinction, if CS and UCS are paired again, link between them is made much quicker
4 - stimulus gerneralisation
once an animal has been conditioned, they will react to similar stimuli

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15
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

new voluntary behaviour due to consequences

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15
Q

what is positive reinforcement and an example

A

adding something good for certain behaviour
e.g. house-point for good homework

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16
Q

what is negative reinforcement and an example

A

taking away something unpleasant as a reward
e.g. removing a piece of homework

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17
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

giving something unpleasant
e.g. detention

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18
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

taking away something good
e.g. taking phone

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19
Q

what is the difference between continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?

A

continuous - reward every time the action is done (good for learning new behaviour)
partial - only rewarded sometimes e.g. once every 4 times (maintains behaviour)

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20
Q

operant conditioning strengths

A
  • replicable
  • highly controlled
    -cause + effect
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21
Q

operant conditioning weaknesses - skinner’s box

A
  • ecological validity
  • ethical reasons
  • tested on animals (don’t have free will / not like humans)
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22
Q

key features of social learning theory

A

1 - behaviour is explained through observational learning or modelling
2 - mostly lab experiments
3 - vicarious reinforcement can be motivated when learners observe role models
4 - mediating cognitive factors play an important role in observational learning

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23
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A
  • observing consequences
  • behaviour that brings reward is imitated
  • observer must identify with model first
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24
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes
(for effective learning of a behaviour)

A

1 - attention
2 - retention (capacity to remember)
3 - reproduction (ability to reproduce behaviour)
4 - motivation (the likely consequences of behaviour)

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25
Q

BOBO doll experiment aim (Bandura)

A

to investigate if social beaviour can be acquired by observation and imitation

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26
Q

what was the bobo doll experiment method? (Bandura)

A
  • two groups of children aged 3-5
  • one group observed violent behaviour from an adult model
  • the others observed a non aggressive model
  • after exposure, children were shown toys but weren’t allowed to play with them
  • then taken unto a room with toys including the doll
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27
Q

bobo doll experiment results (Bandura)

A
  • children who observed the aggressive model reproduced violent and physical behaviour and verbal abuse
  • other children displayed little aggression
  • 1/3 of the negatively exposed children repeated verbal responses whilst none of the other children did
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28
Q

bobo doll conclusion

A

findings support Bandura’s social learning theory as children did observe and imitate model’s behaviour

29
Q

SLT strengths

A

1 - practical application for real life = Akers suggests it helps identify and remove negative models for criminals
2 - takes into account cognitive factors (thinking before acting) - acknowledges role of mediational factors and that humans weigh up pros and cons

29
Q

SLT limitations

A

1 - behaviour causes are more complex - disregards biological factors such as men having more testosterone
2 - relies heavily on lab experiments - may lack ecological validity and findings may not apply to every day behaviour

30
Q

what is the definition of inference?

A

making logical conclusions based on evidence and reasoning

31
Q

wat are the 3 key aspects of the cognitive approach?

A

1 - schemas
2 - theoretical and computer models
3 - cognitive neuroscience

32
Q

what are schemas?

A

a package of beliefs and expectations on a specific topic based on prior experience

33
Q

what are theoretical models?

how are they used to explain behaviour?

A
  • simplified representations based of current research evidence
    often in picture form
  • diagramed representations of steps in internal mental processes
34
Q

what are computer models?

how are they used to explain behaviour?

A
  • software simulations of internal mental processes
  • info is passed through senses, encoded into memory and then encoded with previously stored info (schemas) to complete a task
35
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A

the study of the brain structure during mental processes
non invasive
helps understand how the brain becomes active in certain areas during certain circumstances

36
Q

what are the 3 themes of Bartlett’s ‘distortion’ theory - schemas

A

Assimilation: adding new info to existing schemas

Levelling: The story also became shorter with each retelling

Sharpening: Participants also tended to change the order of the story to make sense of it using terms more familiar to their own culture. They also added detail and/or emotions.

37
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement?

A

imitating someone’s behaviour based on them getting rewards

38
Q

Cognitive approach strengths (AO1)

A

1 - very scientific - lab experiments mean that results are more likely to be reliable and can be replicated so large amounts of data can be collected and compared
2 - high internal validity - controlled extraneous variables so only the IV impacts the DV
3 - useful world application - used for therapy (CBT) and witness memory help. Has lead to treatments for illnesses such as depression, changes way of thinking
4 - ethics - experiments can be held on computers rather than animals or humans meaning more can be done which may not be suitable for humans

39
Q

cognitive approach limitations (AO3)

A

1 - over simplified - theoretical models shorted complex processes into small boxes and doesn’t represent our minds
2 - ecological validity - lab experiments create unusual environments and do not represent real world experiments
3 - individual experience - doesn’t take into account individual uniqueness and how we all act differently
4 - computer models - computers do not accurately represent the human mind as we can make mistakes, forget things, able to ignore information and computers do not do this

40
Q

key assumptions of biological approach

A

1 - chemical imbalance can affect behaviour
2 - evolution can affect b
3 - b can be inherited
4 - brain structure affects behaviour

41
Q

what are the 4 main topics in the biological approach

A

1 - influence of genes
2 - biological structures (endocrine system)
3 - biological structures (neurons)
4 - neurochemistry

42
Q

biological approach strengths

A

SCIENTIFIC - experimental so takes place in highly controlled environments, replicable, internal validity. Sophisticated imaging increases precision and objectivity
REAL WORLD APPLICATION - provides clear predictions about effects of neurotransmitters on behaviour. Led to research and development of drug treatment. Shows our genes can be adapted to fix unwanted behaviour

43
Q

biological approach weaknesses

A

REDUCTIONALIST - reduces our complex human behaviour down to simple structures and separate components e.g. hormones and genes. Someone with depression will have more environmental causes

GENETIC SCREENING - could be future screening for genes that may increase criminal activity - discrimination against certain people

RELIANCE - knowledge could be used to blame criminal behaviour on our genetics

44
Q

key assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A

1 - mental disorders are caused by psychological factors
2 - behaviour is caused by unconscious motives and desirers
3 - abnormality arises from childhood experiences
4 - defence mechanisms protect us from effects of traumatic experiences
5 - heavily on case studies

45
Q

what are the 3 parts of personality?

A

Id - the primitive, basic, and fully unconscious part of personality. It contains all of the unconscious energy that is directed toward fulfilling a person’s most basic needs (instincts)

Ego - develops from about 18 months
- reality/mediates between Id and superego (reality)

Superego - develops after the phallic stage and suppress entirely any urges or desires of the id that are considered wrong or socially unacceptable (morality)

46
Q

what are the 3 defence mechanisms?

A

. denial
. repression
. displacement

47
Q

what were freuds 5 psychosexual stages? and ages

A

1 - oral (aged 0-2)
2 - anal (age 2-3)
3 - phallic (age 3-6)
4 - latency (age 6-12)
5 - genital (age 12+)

48
Q

explain the oral stage (freud)

A

sucking, biting, Id driven
problems: oral fixation or gullible
body part: mouth

49
Q

explain the anal stage (freud)

A

ego starts to develop, if parents are not demanding about potty training, the child will be messy, disorganised
anal compulsive - child being forced to use toilet before ready

50
Q

explain the phallic stage (freud)

A

focus on genitals
male child unconsciously likes their mum so boy identifies with father to avoid punishment form father

51
Q

explain the latency stage (freud)

A

child develops mastery of world around them. Conflicts and issues of previous stages are repressed

52
Q

explain the genital stage (freud)

A

Less fixated, easiest stage to go through
Ability to be warm and loving and ability to receive love with others

53
Q

strengths of the psychodynamic approach?

A

1 - highlighted a widely accepted link between childhood experience with adult characteristics
2 - case studies embrace our complex behaviour by gathering info from individual expreience
3 - supports existence of ego defence mechanisms
4 - modern day therapy still uses Freudian psychoanalytic techniques

54
Q

limitations of psychodynamic approach?

A

1 - overemphasized childhood experience being the root cause of adult problems
2 - culturally and sexually biased. different sexes and cultures would rather resolve issues in different ways. e.g. Chinese may not want to be as open with emotions
3 - case studies could become too emotionally involving, they are not very scientific or replicable and it’s hard to generalise to wider populations

55
Q

what are the key assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A
  • people have free will
  • people are basically good
  • people are motivated to self actualise
  • subjective, and conscious experienced
56
Q

outline the humanistic approach

A

It assumes peoples behaviour is as a result of their subjective feelings and their self concept (view on themselves)

57
Q

What did Abraham Maslow believe?

A
  • humans are motivated by needs beyond basic biological needs
  • self-actualisation is important
  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ranges from basic survival needs to nigher more personal ‘wants’
  • all lower levels of hierarchy have to be met before individual can self actualise
58
Q

what is self actualisation?

A

realisation or fulfillment of ones talents and potentialities

59
Q

What did Carl Rogers say?

A
  • we strive to become our ideal self because we are motivated to self improve
  • given an unconditional positive during therapy means that people will develop a healthy sense of self worth
  • children who receive negative regard tend to have low self esteem
60
Q

what was the order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. Physiological
  2. Safety
  3. Love / belonging
  4. Esteem
  5. Self-actualisation
61
Q

what is incongruence?

A

when perceived self and ideal self are far apart

62
Q

What is client centered therapy? CCT

A
  • The therapist is congruent with the client.
  • The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard.
  • The therapist shows an empathetic understanding to the client
63
Q

Strengths of the humanistic approach

A

1- takes into account free will - less restrictive
2 - real life applications - Client centred therapy has proven to work on may patients over the years, Gibbard studied the impact of CCT on 700 mentally ill patients over five years and found that nearly 70% of participants showed significant improvements.

64
Q

limitations of humanistic approach

A

unrealistic - it states that everyone has the opportunity to reach self actualisation however it ignores pessimism within people and also that some people are just grown up in environments where it may be extremely difficult if not impossible to reach a full positive view of themselves and everyone around them

doesn’t establish causality - most of the methods used to gather data used a non-experimental approach failing to establish a relationship between variables. So although studies do show that when a participant undergoes therapy they do tend do become better it is however very difficult to prove that one causes the other.

cultural - some cultures value different levels above others e.g. less developed countries would value physiological needs over love

65
Q

what are the issues with introspection?

A

doesn’t explain how the mind works
uses peoples subjective thoughts
not necessarily reliable

66
Q

factors to look at when deciding if psychology is a science

A

1 - objectivity
2 - control
3 - predictability
4 - hypothesis testing
5 - replication

67
Q

strengths of using scientific methods to explain human behaviour

A
  • tests assumptions about behaviour
  • very reliant of objective and systematic methods so knowledge gained is reliable and has reasoning behind it
68
Q

limitations of using scientific methods to explain behaviour

A
  • not all psychologists believe behaviour can be observed in experiments
  • human behaviour is too complex and unpredictable to narrow down
  • most processes are unobservable
  • too much inference
68
Q

limitations of Wundt’s methods

A
  • use of introspection and lack of empiricism
  • cause of behaviour can’t be directly observed
  • non-replicable so not reliable
  • participants have to report on experiences which are non-observable

Psychology (12 decks)

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