recipes Flashcards
Demonstrating Hooke’s law:
Required:
- Measure l_____/p____ of _____of spring at start
- Add masses/_____ one at a time
- For each m___/w___ measure the new l_____/position
- Calculate e_____ by subtracting each length from original length
-Plot f____ vs e____: s____ line section through o____ at start shows H_____ L____
-Required: Stamp, clamp, spring, masses, ruler
- Measure length/ position of bottom of spring at start
- Add masses/weight one at a time
- For each mass/weight, measure the new length/position
- Calculate extension by subtracting each length from original length
- Plot force vs extension: straight line section through origin (at start) shows Hooke’s law
Producing current-voltage graph (filament, resistor, diode):
-Connect a p_____ supply in series with a v_____ resistor with an a____ and the t___ c_____
-Add a v_____ in p____ with the t____ c______
- Take readings of c_____ (on ammeter) and v_____(on voltmeter)
- Vary the r____ (or power supply)
- Record 6 different values of v_____ and c____
- Plot a graph of v_____ (-axis) against c_____ (-axis)
-Connect a power supply in series with a variable resistor with an ammeter and the test component
-Add a voltmeter in parallel with the test component
- Take readings of current (on ammeter) and voltage (on voltmeter)
- Vary the resistor (or power supply)
- Record 6 different values of voltage and current
- Plot a graph of voltage (y-axis) against current (x-axis)
Measuring the speed of sound:
- Measure d______ greater than 100m with t___ w_____/tape measure
- Person at one end makes a l____ s____ with c____/ wood b____/b_____
-Person at other end s____ t_____ when they see sound being m____ and stop timer when they h____ the sound (light travels faster than sound) - Use ______ to calculate speed of sound
- r_____ experiment
- Change e___ to allow for wind/ make sure experiment is at same outside t______
- Measure distance greater than 100m with trundle wheel/tape measure
- Person at one end makes a loud sound with clappers/ wood blocks/balloon
-Person at other end starts timer when they see sound being made and stop timer when they hear the sound (light travels faster than sound) - Use s=d/t to calculate speed of sound
- repeat experiment
- Change ends to allow for wind/ make sure experiment is at same outside temperature
Density of a substance (solid cuboid, liquid, irregular solid)
Find volume:
- Measure l____, w____ and h____
-Using r____ or digital calipers
-M_____ them together to calculate volume
Irregular solid/liquid:
- Measure the volume of water d_____ from a e_____ can
-Using the most p____ m_____ c_____
-On a flat s____, read b_____ of m______, at eye level
- Cuboid
- Measure length, width and height
-Using ruler or digital calipers
-Multiply them together to calculate volume
Irregular solid/liquid:
- Measure the volume of water displaced from a eureka can
-Using the most precise measuring cylinder
-On a flat surface, read bottom of meniscus, at eye level
Density of a substance (solid cuboid, liquid, irregular solid)
Find Mass:
1. Solid
- Use electronic b_____
-Set b_____ to z___
- Liquid
- Use m_____ c_____
-Ensure it is d___ before starting
-Place on e______ balance, then set to z____ (or subtract mass of empty cylinder)
- Solid
- Use electronic balance
-Set balance to zero - Liquid
- Use measuring cylinder
-Ensure it is dry before starting
-Place on electronic balance, then set to zero (or subtract mass of empty cylinder)
Density
density=mass/volume
Terminal velocity:
- The only force acting is weight d______,
- There is a r_____ force downwards
- Which causes object to a_____ downwards
- As the object s____ up, air r_____/ drag upwards i_____
- Resultant force is still d______, but is de______ in size, so object a_____ at a l_____ rate (but is still getting faster)
- Eventually air r______/drag builds up until it is e_____ and opposite to the w______
- The forces are b_______. There is n_ r___ f____
- Object is no longer a______. This is terminal velocity
- The only force acting is weight downwards,
- There is a resultant force downwards
- Which causes object to accelerate downwards
- As the object speeds up, air resistance/ drag upwards increases
- Resultant force is still downwards, but is decreasing in size, so object accelerate at a lower rate (but is still getting faster)
- Eventually air resistance/drag builds up until it is equal and opposite to the weight
- The forces are balanced. There is no resultant force
- Object is no longer accelerating. This is terminal velocity
Earthing a mains device:
- If a fault develops inside the appliance, then the live wire might touch the metal case/ metal case may become live
- The Earth wire is connected to the metal case
-Earth wire has low resistance meaning it allows a large current to flow to the ground
-Large current blows/ melts the fuse which breaks the circuit
- Appliance is now isolated from live supply, so no longer at risk of electrocution
- If a fault develops inside the appliance, then the live wire might touch the metal case/ metal case may become live
- The Earth wire is connected to the metal case
-Earth wire has low resistance meaning it allows a large current to flow to the ground
-Large current blows/ melts the fuse which breaks the circuit - Appliance is now isolated from live supply, so no longer at risk of electrocution
Convection
- A fluid (liquid or gas) is heated up
- Expands and becomes less dense
-This warmer, less dense fluid rises upwards
- Replaced by cooler, denser fluid
- As it rises, it may cool down, contract, and sink, making a convection current as process repeats
- The expansion is because faster particles push against each other more
-So distance between them increases
- A fluid (liquid or gas) is heated up
- Expands and becomes less dense
-This warmer, less dense fluid rises upwards - Replaced by cooler, denser fluid
- As it rises, it may cool down, contract, and sink, making a convection current as process repeats
- The expansion is because faster particles push against each other more
-So distance between them increases
Gas pressure and temperature:
- Particles hit the walls of the container
- Each collision exerts a force on the wall
- This makes a pressure on the wall, since p=F/A
- At higher temperatures, the particles have more kinetic energy so move faster
- Meaning particles hit sides with more force, and more frequently
- So pressure increases
- Particles hit the walls of the container
- Each collision exerts a force on the wall
- This makes a pressure on the wall, since p=F/A
- At higher temperatures, the particles have more kinetic energy so move faster
- Meaning particles hit sides with more force, and more frequently
- So pressure increases
Gas pressure and volume:
- When gas is at constant temperature but has its volume reduced,
-The average speed of particles is unchanged
- But each particle will collide with the walls more frequently
- Pressure will increase
- When gas is at constant temperature but has its volume reduced,
-The average speed of particles is unchanged - But each particle will collide with the walls more frequently
- Pressure will increase
Nuclear fission chain reaction:
- Neutron is a________by u______ n_____
- Nucleus undergoes f_____ (splits)
- Making 2 d____ n_____, a few n_____ and e______
- These n____ go on to h___other uranium n_____
- Causing n_____ to undergo f____ and release more n_____
- Process r_____
- Neutron is absorbed by uranium nucleus
- Nucleus undergoes fission (splits)
- Making 2 daughter nuclei, a few neutrons and energy
- These neutrons go on to hit other uranium nuclei
- Causing nuclei to undergo fission and release more neutrons
- Process repeats
- Radio
- Microwave
- Infrared-
- Visible light-
- Ultraviolet- 4 points
-X-rays- 3 points
-Gamma rays- 3 points (same)
- Radio= None
- Microwave-Overheating of internal body cells
- Infrared-Skin burns
- Visible light- Eye damage
- Ultraviolet- Skin cell ionisation, eye damage, cataracts, skin cancer
X-rays- cell ionisation, cell mutation, cancer
Gamma rays-cell ionisation, cell mutation, cancer
