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Mechanism of Disease > Cell Death, Infection/Skin Diseases Review > Flashcards

Cell Death, Infection/Skin Diseases Review Flashcards

1
Q

Primers

Histology of Immune Responses

Function. Components.

A

Function: Surveillace of all sites where foreign matter enters the body
Components: Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue/Nodules, LN, Spleen, thymus

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2
Q

Primers

Key elements of the Immune Response

A

WBCs (lymphocytes, basophils eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes)
RBCs
Immune Cells (WBCs+ plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages)
Lymphatic nodules (primary v. secondary)
Immune Organs (LN, thymus, spleen)

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3
Q

Lec1: Questions

Apoptotic Blebbing

A

the result of loss of cortical cytoskeletal connections resultinf in membrane outpocketing
Generally seen as a precursor to formation of apoptotic bodies

Slide 16

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4
Q

Lecture 1 - Questions

Relationship between Calcium levels and Mitochondria

A

Level of calcium outside the cell and in the ER may be similar
Outside the cell and ER are much higher than cytosolic
Mitochondria can acts as a calcium sink when cytosolic and ER levels get too high

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5
Q

What happens if mitochondrial calcium gets too high?

A

It disrupts the membrane gradient (impacts ETC and transport)
Can cause precipitaion of matrix proteins (compromsed function)
May lead to the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT)

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6
Q

What does blebbing look like in necrosis?

A

Generally larger than apoptotic blebs
do no regress (less likely to)
precursor to breakdown of membrane, not packaging of contents

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7
Q

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Cell Swelling

A

Necrosis

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8
Q

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Condensed Nucleus

A

Both

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9
Q

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Induced by toxins

A

Both

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10
Q

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Calcium overload

A

Both

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11
Q

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Involvement of Mitochondria

A

Both

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12
Q

Apoptosis, Necrosis, or Both

Caspases are markers

A

Apoptosis

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13
Q

Morphological features of Necrosis

A

Loss of nuclei
Breakdown of membranes

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14
Q

Major morphological features of Apoptosis

A

Cell rounding/condensation
Nuclear condensation/fragmentation (DAPI)
Membrane blebbing (light microscopy)
Formation of apoptotic bodies (packaging of cell contents into vesicles)

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15
Q

Cell Death Review

When a cell dies by apoptosis, what happens to its contents?

A

They are packaged and then absorbed by macrophages

apoptotic bodies

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16
Q

Cell Death Review

How does apoptosis impact the neighbors?

A

Limited damage (unless macrophages initiate an inflammatory response)

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17
Q

Cell Death Review

When a cell dies by necrosis, what happens to its contents?

A

They are released into the surrounding tissue

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18
Q

Cell Death Review

How does necrosis impact the neighbors?

A

Likely to cause spreading damage

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19
Q

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

What is Erythema?

A

redness

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20
Q

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

Why is the tissue redder than normal?

A

Excess blood

21
Q

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

Source of excess blood?

A

Eblarged blood vessels
Possible leakage of blood

22
Q

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

What is leakage of blood called?

A

Hemorrhage

23
Q

Why is acute inflammation associated with erythema?

What causes blood leakage?

A

Increased permeability of endothelium
Damaged blood vessels

24
Q

Acute vs. Chronic inflammation

Acute Inflammation

A

Dilation of small blood vessels
Increased microvasculature permeability
Migration and activation of immune cells

25
Q

Acute vs. Chronic inflammation

Chronic Inflammation

A

Infilitration by macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
Tissue destruction
Attempts at healing

26
Q

Meningitis: Pressure

What structure(s) in the subarachnoid space could be impacted?

A

Blood vessels

27
Q

Meningitis: Pressure

How would this impact blood flow?

A

Reduce it

28
Q

Meningitis: Pressure

How would this impact nerve tissue?

A

Ischemia
Hypoxia
Cell Death

29
Q

Meningitis: Pressure

Neuronal Injury

A

Inflammation in the subarachnoid space
Substantial infiltration by neutrophils
May breah blood-brain barrier and cause localized inflammation in neural tissue
Damage to blood vessels can cause hemorrhage into the brain
Most damage is due to pressure

30
Q

Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?

Fever

Enteric, Muscle, or Both

A

Enteric
Muscle

31
Q

Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?

Periorbital Edema

Enteric, Muscle, or Both

A

Muscle

32
Q

Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?

Headache

Enteric, Muscle, or Both

A

Enteric
Muscle

33
Q

Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?

Diarrhea

Enteric, Muscle, or Both

A

Enteric

34
Q

Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?

Myalgia

Enteric, Muscle, or Both

A

Muscle

35
Q

Trichinosis: Which Phase is the symptom seen in?

A limp

Enteric, Muscle, or Both

A

Muscle

36
Q

Tricinosis

Clinical Presentation of Enteric Stage

A

Typical of enteric disease
Diarrhea and nausea
Vomiting, pain, low grade fever

37
Q

Trichinosis

Clinical Presentation of Muscle Stage

A

Typical of infection/muscle damage
Myalgia and paralysis
Fever, headache, skin rash
Edema and conjunctivitis

38
Q

Psoriasis

What does VEGF stand for?

A

Vascular
Endothelial
Growth
Factor

39
Q

Psoriasis

How does VEGF support parakeratosis?

A

Increased nutrients available for cell growth

40
Q

Psoriasis

What feature of cancer involves VEGF

A

Angiogenesis

41
Q

Psoriasis

Why are anti-VEGF treatments topical?

A

Systemic toxicity

42
Q

Psoriasis: Angiogenesis

Angiogenic factors found in psoriatic lesions

A

TNFa
TGFb
IL8
VEGF

43
Q

Verrucae

What grows excessively in verruca?

A

Epidermis

44
Q

Verrucae

What induces excessive epidermal growth?

A

Viral infection

45
Q

Verrucae

What movie featured a character named Veruca?

A

Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory

46
Q

Verrucae

Warts

A

Squamoproliferative
Caused by HPV
Generally regress
Virus transmitted by contact
Viral typing can confirm if cancerous or not

47
Q

Pemphigus

What is the difference between epidermis and mucosa?

A

Epidermis is keratinized, stratified
Mucoas is ciliated, often simple

48
Q

Pemphigus

What type of blister would be most likely to have blood?

A

Subepidermal

More likely to damage blood vessel

Mechanism of Disease (11 decks)

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