Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What’s psychopathology

A

Scientific study of mental disorders and abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definitions of abnormality
How many is there

A

Four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What is the statistical definition of abnormality

A

Defining abnormal according to the number of time we observe is and any behaviour which is rare or uncommon is abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What does the statistical definition use

A

The normal distribution curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Example with the statistical definition

A

IQ and intellectual disability disorder
Average IQ 100
Most have between 85-115
People below 70 and above 130 are abnormal
Those below would b diagnosed with the intellectual disability disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Definitions of abnormality
2 strengths of the statistical definition

A

Real life application of diagnosis
Definite cut off point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Definitions of abnormality
How is the statistical definition used in diagnosis of intellectual disability disorder

A

It’s a useful part of the clinical assessment as the severity of symptoms of those with mental disorders are compared to statistical norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Why is the statistical definition used in diagnosis a strength

A

Gives a definitive cut off point which is objective therefore taking way the subjectivity of other definitions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Definitions of abnormality
How is there no value judgment in the statistical definitions

A

There is a clear cut off point so behaviour is not seen as unacceptable merely less frequent such as homosexuality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Why is ther absence of value judgement a strength for the statistic all definition

A

Statistical evidence that a person has a mental disorder can justify requests for psychiatric assistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Definitions of abnormality
2 weaknesses of the statistical definitions

A

Unusual characteristics can be positive
Ignores cultural factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Exceptions of unusual characteristics being positive using the statistical definition

A

Requires no treatment such as a high IQ pr exceptional sport skill
Abnormal yes dos to be sued in an negative sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What can the statistical definition never be used for

A

Can never be used alone to make a diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What’s the social Norma’s definition of abnormality

A

States that behaviour which conforms to social norms is normals and behaviour that doesn’t is abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What are social norms

A

Standards set by a society according to which is expects its members to behave
Are unwritten rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What could happen if someone behaves ina. Way that doesn’t conforms to our social norms

A

May feel anxious or threatened by them and will be considered abnormal as long as society accepts it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What is antisocial personality disorder

A

Psychopath
According to DSM-5 people with is are impulsive aggressive and irresponsible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Characteristics of antisocial personality disorder

A

Absence of prosocial internal standards
Failure to conform to lawful or culturally normative ethical behaviour
Social judgement that psychopath is abnormal as they don’t conform to our moral standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Definitions of abnormality
strength of the social norms definition

A

Real life application in diagnosing antisocial personality disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Why is diagnosing a strength of this definition

A

Clear set off of the characteristics of APD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Weakness of the social Norms definition

A

Subjective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Why is the social norms definition being subjective

A

a weakness social norms are based on the opinions of those in society and can be used to control others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What is the failure to functions definition

A

Can no longer cope with the demand of everyday life is considered abnormal and often not able to experience the usual range of emotions
Focuses on personal experiences lined with mental disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Examples of failure to functions

A

Unable to maintain basic standards of nutrition and hygiene or unable to hold down a job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Definitions of abnormality
When is someone failing to function adequately list

A

Personal distress
Maladaptive behaviour
Unpredictability
Irrationality
Observer discomfort
Violations of morals standard
Unconventionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What’s the GAF scale

A

Assesses how well individuals cope with everyday life used by clinicians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What does the GAF a scale rate

A

Level of social occupational and psychological functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Definitions of abnormality
what is a strength of the failur to functions definitions

A

Degree of abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Example for the degree of abnormality for the failure to function definition

A

GAF is an continuous scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Why is assessing the degree of abnormality a strength of the failure or functioning definition

A

Can decide whop needs psychiatric help to what degree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What is a weakness of the failur to function definition

A

Abnormality is not always followed by failure to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Definitions of abnormality
example for abnormality not always accompanied by failure to function

A

Harold shipman. Who had a good jib and well paid murdered 215 patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What is the deviation from ideal mental health definition

A

Absence of jahodas characteristics of ideal mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What’s re jahodas characteristics for ideal mental health

A

-positive attitude towards oneself
-self actualisation
-autonomy
-resisting stress
-accurate perception of reality
-environmental mastery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What does having a positive attitude towards oneself on jahodas characteristics of ideal mental health mean

A

Having self respect and a positive self concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What does having self actualisation on jahodas characteristics of ideal mental health mean

A

Becoming everything one is capable of becoming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What does having a autonomy on jahodas characteristics of ideal mental health mean

A

Being independent self reliant and able to make personal decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What does having resisting stress on jahodas characteristics of ideal mental health mean

A

Having effective coping strategies being able to cope with everyday anxiety provoking situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What does having a accurate ;perception of reality on jahodas characteristics of ideal mental health mean

A

Perceiving the world in a nondistorted fashion having objective ans realistic view of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What does having a environmental mastery on jahodas characteristics of ideal mental health mean

A

Being competent in all aspects of life and meeting the demands of every situation being flexible to changing life circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What does this definition focus on

A

Behaviours and characteristics seen as desirable and the more which aren’t the met the more abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What is a strength of the ideal mental health definition

A

Very comprehensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Why is the ideal mental hamlets definition very comprehensive

A

Covers a broad range of criteria’s for mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Definitions of abnormality
Why is being comprehensive a strength of the ideal mental health definition

A

Is a useful tool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Definitions of abnormality
What is a weakness of the ideal mental health definition

A

Cultural relativism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Definitions of abnormality
How does the ideal mental health definition have cultural relativism

A

Some of the ideas in jehodas classification are specific to Western European and North American cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Definitions of abnormality
why is cultural relativism a weakness

A

Doesn’t include other cultures in definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Phobias
What is a phobia

A

Type of anxiety disorder which can interfere with daily living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Phobias
What are phobias characterised by

A

Excessive uncontrollable extreme fear and anxiety triggered by and object place or situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Phobias
What does a phobia produce

A

A conscious avoidance of the fears object or situation and the fear is out of proportion to nay real danger or risk presented by the phobic stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Phobias
According to DSM 5 what are the categories of phobia an related anxiety disorder

A

Specific phobia (phobia of object or situation)
Social anxiety (phobia of social)
Agoraphobia (fear pr being outside )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

characteristics of phobias
What are the three

A

Emotional
Behavioural;
Cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

characteristics of phobias
What are the emotional characteristics

A

Anxiety disorders by definition they involve and emotional response of anxiety and fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

characteristics of phobias
What is anxiety classed by

A

An unpleasant star of high arousal with feelings of worry or distress in te prescience of the phobic stimulus which prevent a relaxed feel and makes it difficult to experience a positive emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

characteristics of phobias
What makes anxiety difference from fear

A

Can be long term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

characteristics of phobias
What is fear in emotional characteristics

A

Immediate and extremely unpleasant string response which is experienced when in contact with the phobic stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

characteristics of phobias
What important about emotional characteristics of a phobia

A

Emotional responses are unreasonable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

characteristics of phobias
What are the behavioural chatracterostics

A

How we behave when in contact with phobic stimulus
Panic and trying to escape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

characteristics of phobias
What does panic situate as as a part of behavioural characteristics

A

Crying screaming running away fainting collapsing or vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

characteristics of phobias
How can children react for behavioural characteristics

A

Freezing clinging to a parent or having a tantrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

characteristics of phobias]
Two key behavioural characteristics

A

Avoidance
Endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

characteristics of phobias
Avoidance as a behavioural characteristic

A

Avoiding coming in contact with phobic stimulus so may not be able to go to places and makes is hard to go about daily life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

characteristics of phobias
What can the behavioural characteristic of avoidance affect

A

Work, education or social life
General day to day life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

characteristics of phobias
Endurance as a behavioural characteristic

A

Alternative to avoidance as individual remains in prescience of phobic stimulus but continuous to experience its levels of anxiety often frozen still as may be unavoidable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

characteristics of phobias
What’s are cognitive characteristic

A

Ways in which people process information and think about it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

characteristics of phobias
What are the three cognitive characteristics

A

Selective attention to phobic stimulus
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

characteristics of phobias
Selective attention as a cognitive charteristic

A

If individual can see phobic stimulus hard to look away from it and all attention is on it
Not useful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

characteristics of phobias
Irrational beliefs as cognitive characteristics

A

Irrational beliefs in relation to the phobic stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

characteristics of phobias
Cognitive distortions as cognitive characteristics

A

Phobic perceptions of the phobic stimulus may be disptorted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
How can classical conditioning explain phobias

A

When someone has a phobia they will make an association between an object or situation and fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
How can operant conditioning link to phobias

A

Negative reinforcement so individual avoids situation that’s unpleasant and result in a desirable consequence of not feeling fear and anxiety
Reduction in fear reinforces the avoidance behaviour
Avoidance behaviour repeated and phobia maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Who is the two process model by and what year

A

Mowrer (1960)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
What is the two process model

A

Based on the behavioural approach to phobias and states phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and then continue because of operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Acquisition by classical conditioning according to the two process model using rat and loud noise

A

Before
Rats (NS) —> no response
Loud noise (UCS) —> fear (UCR)
During
Rats (NS) + loud noise (UCS) —> fear (UCR)
After
Rats (CS) —> Fear (CR)
Then generalised to similar objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Maintenance by operant conditioning according to the two process model

A

Negative reinforcement – Individual avoids the phobic stimulus to avoid the fear anxiety they would have suffered
Positive reinforcement – reduction of fear is a desirable consequence
The avoidance behaviour is more likely to be repeated in the future as it has been reinforced
The phobia is therefore maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Two strengths of this

A

Good explanatory power
Effectiveness of behaviourist treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Good explanatory ppower\why was a this a step forward

A

Went beyond just using classical conditioning alone and explained how phobias could be maintained over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Good explanatory power
What was the implications of this

A

For therapies explains why patients need to be exposed to the feared stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Good explanatory power
Why is this a strength

A

Application to therapy means once a patient is prevented from practicing avoidance characteristics the behaviours ceases to be reinforced and declines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Effectiveness of behaviourist treatment
Example

A

Treatment such as systematic desensitisation in assessing phobic symptoms are effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Effectiveness of behaviourist treatment
Why is this a strength

A

Lends support to behaviourist explanations of phobias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
2 weaknesses

A

Alternative explanation for avoidance behaviour
Incomplete expanlantion of phobias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Alternative explanantion for avoidance behaviour
Exception

A

Not all avoidance seems to be because of anxiety reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Alternative explanantion for avoidance behaviour
Example of agoraphobia

A

Evidence shows that at least some of the avoidance behaviour is for safety reasons rather than avoiding the phobic stimulus which explains why some agoraphobics can leave the house with a trusted person with little anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Alternative explanantion for avoidance behaviour
Why is this a weakness

A

This is a problem for the two process mode, as it suggests avoidance is motivated by anxiety reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Incomplete explanation of phobias
Why is it not enough

A

Even if except these involved futher explanation is needed such as evolutionary factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Incomplete explanation of phobias
How are evolutionary factors involved

A

We easily acquire phobias of things that’s have been a source of danger in our past such as snakes and it is adaptive to acquire such fears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Behavioural approach to explain phobias
Incomplete explanation of phobias
Why is this a weakness

A

The two process model fails to account for this and neglect evolution history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What therapies do need to describe and evaluate

A

Systematic desensitisation
Flooding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What is systematic desensitisation

A

Designed to reduce an unwanted response eg anxiety to a stimulus and teaching the sufferer to relax in the prescience of the phobic stimulus
Essentially new response to the phobic stimulus is learned
Phobic stimulus is paired with relaxation “counter conditioning “

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What is flooding

A

Phobic patient i exposed to an extreme form of phobic stimulus to rescue anxiety triggered by it
Without option of avoidance quickly learned stimulus is harmless
‘Extinction’ learned response extinguished when CS is encountered without UCS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What are the three steps of systematic desensitisation

A
  1. The anaixety hierarchy
  2. Relaxation training
  3. Exposure to anxiety hierarchy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What is the anxiety hierarchy and how is it constructed

A

List of situations put tog ether by patients and therapists related to phobic stimulus that provoke anxiety arranged in order from least such as thinking about phobic stimulus to most frightening such as holding the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What is relaxation training

A

Therapist teacher the patient to relax as deeply as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What can be taught in relaxation training

A

Breathing exercises or mental imagery techniques
Imagine in relaxing situations
Meditation
Alternatively drugs such as valium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What is exposure to the anxiety hierarchy

A

Patient exposed to hierarchy while remaining in a relaxed state over several sessions starting at the bottom and when patient is relaxed in the presence move up the hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
How long can systematic desensitisation take

A

Up to a month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What is the result if the treatment is successful of systematic desensitisation

A

Patient can stay relaxed in situation high on the anxiety hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
2 strengths of systematic desensitisation

A

Suitable for a wide range of patients
Less traumatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Why are some treatments not suitable for patients

A

Eg flooding and CBT aren’t suited to some patients
Some people with learning difficulties wont be able to understand what’s happening our engage with the CBT that require you to reflect what ur thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Why is being suitable for a wide range of patients a strength

A

More access of treatment for patients so quality of life improved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What is systematic desensitisation less traumatic then

A

Flooding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What is pleasant about systematic desensitisation

A

Includes elements that are pleasant such as learning relaxation techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
How is systematic desensitisation shown to be less traumatic

A

Reflected by low refusal rates for starting treatment and low attrition rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
2 weaknesses of systematic desensitisation

A

Symptom substitution
Ethical considerations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What is symptom substitution

A

When one phobia disappear another may appear in its place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias ]
What is the evidence for symptom substitution

A

Very missed however behavioural therapists tend to not believe it happens at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Why is symptom substitution a weakness

A

Disregard the point in the treatment in the first place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
What are the ethical considerations

A

Systematic desensitisation can be psychologically harmful
And the cost benefit analysis may regard long term benefits of eradicating the phobia as outweighing the short term cost distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
What is flooding

A

Involves a exposing phobia patients tot heir phobic stimulus but without gradual build up in an anxiety hierarchy so involves immediate exposure to a very frightening situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
How long does it often last

A

Typically shorter than systematic desensitisation sessions with one session lasting two to three hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
What are the three stages

A
  1. Immediate direct exposure
  2. Prevention of avoidance
  3. Continuance until anxiety has reduced and fear extinguished
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
What is immediate direct full exposure

A

Presenting the phobic stimulus to the patient directly in comparison to systematic desensitisation where there’s a gradual exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
What’s prevention of avoidance

A

Flooding stops the phobic response very quickly
This may be because without the option of avoidance behaviour the patient quickly learns that the phobic stimulus is harmless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
What is continuing until anxiety has receded abd fear extinguished

A

Learned response extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus so CS no longer produced the CR ‘extinction’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
strength

A

Cost effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
How is being cost effective strength

A

Studies comparing flooding to cognitive therapies have found that flooding is highly effective and quicker than alternatives
This quick effect is a strength
The patients are free of their symptoms sooner and treatment is therefore cheaper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
2 weaknesses

A

Less traumatic
Not suitable for all patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
Why is it traumatic

A

Highly psychologically harmful as being exposed to phobic stimulus and some patients unwilling to see it through to the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Behavioural approach to treating phobias
Flooding
Why is it not suitable for all patient

A

Eg with heart conditions
Extreme levels of anxiety caused by confrontation with the geared object or situation can be harmful on the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

OCD
How does the DSM characterise OCD

A

is repetitive behaviour accompanied by obsessive thinking and is characterised by either obsessions and/or compulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

OCD
What are obsessions

A

Internal component of recurring intrusive thoughts, image etc
Things people think about often inappropriate ideas leading to extreme Anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

OCD
What are compulsions

A

External component of what people do as a result of the obsessions often uncontrollable urges repetitively perform tasks and behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

OCD
Why are compulsions compulsions

A

Attempt to reduce distress or feared events and only temporary solutions of have no other way of coping so rely on them
Can include avoiding a situation that triggers obsessive ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

OCD
What causes high leve;s of anxiety with ocd

A

Most sufferers realise there obsessions and compulsions are excessive and inappropriate but can’t control them leading to higher anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

OCD
What do symptoms of ocd often overlap with

A

Other conditions such as Tourette’s and autism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

OCD
How many people have ocd

A

Around 2% of the populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

OCD
Gender differences with ocd

A

No real difference in prevalence
Preoccupation with contamination and cleaning are more common in females
Males focus more on religious and sexual obsessions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

OCD characteristics
What’s are the three

A

Emotional
Behavioural
Cognitive

130
Q

OCD characteristics
What’s re emotional characteristics

A

How you feel when you have OCD

131
Q

OCD characteristics
What are behavioral characteristics

A

How you act or behave when you have ocd

132
Q

OCD characteristics
What are cognitive characteristics

A

How you think know perceive or believe when you have ocd

133
Q

OCD characteristics
What’s re the behavioural characteristics

A

Compulsions
Avoidance

134
Q

OCD characteristics
What are the two elements of compulsions

A

There repetitive
They reduce anxiety

135
Q

OCD characteristics
How are compulsions repetitive, examples

A

Sufferers feel compelled to repeat a behaviour
Eg hand washing or counting

136
Q

OCD characteristics
How would compulsions reduce anxiety, examples

A

Compulsive behaviours are mostly performed to try and manage the anxiety caused by obsessions
Eg compulsive hand washing as a response to obsessive fear of germs

137
Q

OCD characteristics
What does avoidance as a behavioural characteristic attempt to do

A

Reduce anxiety by keeping away for situations that trigger anxiety

138
Q

OCD characteristics
What can avoidance lead to

A

People to avoid ordinary situations and therefore interfere with leading a normal life

139
Q

OCD characteristics
What can be emotional characteristics

A

Anxiety and distress
Accompanying depression
Guilt and disgust

140
Q

OCD characteristics
Anxiety and distress as emotional characteristics

A

Unpleasant emotional experiences due to anxiety accompanying obsessions and compulsions
Obsessive thoughts are unpleasant and frightening causing anxiety
Urges to repeat behaviour (compulsion ) creates anxiety

141
Q

OCD characteristics
Accompanying depression as an emotional characteristic

A

Anxiety can be accompanies by low mood and lack of enjoyment of activities
Compulsive behaviour tends to bring some relief from anxiety but temporary

142
Q

OCD characteristics
Guilt and disgust as emotional characteristics

A

As well as anxiety and depression other native emotions such as guilt
Disgust may be directed at something external

143
Q

OCD characteristics
What aspect of ocd is cognitive characteristics

A

Obsessive thoughts

144
Q

OCD characteristics
Obsessive thoughts as cognitive characteristics

A

For around 90% of ocd sufferers obsessive thought are the main feature
Thought that recur over and over and vary from person to person but always unpleasant

145
Q

OCD characteristics
Why do people with ocd have insight into excessive anxiety and why is this necessary

A

They are aware of their obsessions and compulsions are not rational which is needed for a diagnosis

146
Q

OCD characteristics
What tend to be for ocd sufferers

A

Experience catastrophic thoughts about worse case scenarios and tend to be hypervigilant and show attentional biasconstant alertness for hazards
Irrational beliefs about what might happen eg to family

147
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What does this centre OCD around

A

Being inherited through genetic transmission

148
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
Research for genetic explanation

A

Originally centred on twin and family studies now DNA profiling and gene mapping comparing OCD sufferers with non sufferers

149
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What is passed down

A

Passes genetic vulnerability from one generation to another not the certainty of ocd

150
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What is the diathesis stress model

A

Suggests certain genes eave some people more likely to suffer a mental disorder and environmental stress in necessary to trigger the condition

151
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What is a candidate gene

A

Genes which create a vulnerability for OCD and some are involved in regulation the development of the serotonin system

152
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
Example of the candidate gene

A

5HT1-D beta is implicated in the efficiency of transport of serotonin across synapses

153
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What is polygenic

A

Means not cause by one single gene rather several genes

154
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What did Taylor (2013) discover

A

Up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD

155
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What have the genes studied in relation to OCD include

A

This associated with the action of dopamine and serotonin

156
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What is aetiologically heterogeneous

A

One group of genesmay cause OCD in one person but a different group of genes may cause OCD in another person

157
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
Origin of different types of OCD

A

May be result of particular gene variations

158
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
2 strengths

A

Supporting evidence of Lewis (1936)
Nestadt et al (2010)

159
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What was Lewis (1936

A

Observed that of his OCD patients 37% had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD

160
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What did Lewis (1936) suggest

A

OCD runs in families

161
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What was Nestadt eat al (2010)

A

Reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD as opposed to 31% of non identical twins

162
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What does Nestadt eat al (2010) suggest and what is the limitation

A

A genetic influence on OCD
However if fully genetic would be 100% between identical twins

163
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
2 weaknesses

A

Too many candidate genes
Environmental Ericka factors

164
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What os the problem with candidate genes

A

Twin studies strongly suggest that {CD is largely genetic but pinning down all the gene involved has been less successful

165
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
What makes candidate genes unpredictable and hard to study

A

Appears several genes are involved and each genetic variation only increases the risk by a fraction

166
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
Why is candidate genes a weakness

A

Means that genetic explanation is unlikely to ever be useful as it provides little predictive value

167
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
Impact of environmental risk factors

A

Can also trigger or increase the risk of OCD

168
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
Study proving environmental factors

A

Found over half OCD patients in their sample had experienced a traumatic event

169
Q

Genetic explanation for OCD
Environmental risk factors as a weakness

A

Suggests ocd may be more productive to focusing the environmental caused as we are more able to do something about these

170
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What is a neural explanation s

A

Involving neurotransmitters or structures in the brain

171
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What transmitters is key in ocd

A

Serotonin

172
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What is serotonin believed to do

A

Help regulate mood

173
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What role does serotonin have in OCD

A

If a person has low levels of serotonin then normal transmission of mood information doesn’t take place so may be linked to obsessive thoughts and anxiety

174
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
Evidence for low levels of serotonin causing ocd

A

PET scans

175
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What do some cases of OCD seem to be associated with

A

Impaired decision making

176
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What part of the brain has impact on impaired decision many for ocd

A

Lateral part of the frontal lobe

177
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What are frontal lobes responsible for

A

Logical thinking and making decisions and throught to help initiate activity upon receiving impulses to act then stop the activity when the impulse lessens

178
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What have Pet scans shown for the frontal lobes

A

PCD sufferers have relatively high levels of activity

179
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
Impact for ocd if difficulty switching off or ignoring impulses

A

Turn into obsessions resulting in compulsive behaviour

180
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What area of the brain is associated with processing unpleasant emotions functioning abnormally in OCD

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

181
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What in the brain may be linked with compulsions

A

Hyperactivity in the basal ganglia

182
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
2 strengths

A

Supporting evidence
Hu (2006)

183
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
Example of evidence to support role of neural mechanisms in OCD

A

Some antidepressants work purely on the serotonin systems increasing levels of this and can also be effective for reducing OCD symptoms

184
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What does antidepressants also working for ocd suggest

A

Serotonin system is involved with OCD

185
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What was Hu (2006)

A

Compared serotonin activity in 169 OCD sufferers and 253 non sufferers and found serotonin levels were lower in OCD patients

186
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What does Hu (2006) support

A

Idea that low levels of serotonin are associated with the onset of the disorder

187
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
2 weaknesses

A

Not all suffered of OCDrespond positively to serotonin enhancing drugs
Problems with cause and effect

188
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What does serotonin enhancing drugs not always having positive effects lessen support for

A

Abnormal levels of neurotransmitter being the sole cause of the disorder

189
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
Conclusion of not responding positive to serotonin enhancing drugs

A

Likely another factor such as physiological or environmental

190
Q

Neural explanation for OCD
What is the problem with cause and effect

A

Even thought here is evidence various neurotransmitters function abnormally compared to non sufferers but not the same as saying this abnormal functioning causes the OCD
Biological abnormalities could be as a result of the OCD rather than the cause

191
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What does drug treatment for mental disorder aim to do

A

Increase or decrease levels of neurotransmitters in the brain or to increase/decrease their activity

192
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Drug work for OCD

A

Since low levels of serotonin are associated with OCD drug work in various ways to increase the level of serotonin in the brain

193
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What is the standard medical treatment for symptoms of OCD

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

194
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
How do SSRIs work

A

On serotonin system by preventing the reabsorption of serotonin, to increase the levels of serotonin in the synapse, therefore continues to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron to compensate what’s wrong with the serotonin system in OCD

195
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Dosage for SSRIs

A

Vary according to how is prescribed by typical daily dose fluoxetine is 20mg but may be increased if not benefiting the patient

196
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
How are SSRIs available

A

As capsules or liquid

197
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
How long does it take for SSRIs to have an impact on OCD symptoms

A

Three to four months

198
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What are drugs often used alongside with

A

CBT

199
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
How does CBT work with SSRIs

A

Drugs reduce patients emotional symptoms eg anxiety and depression so that the patient can engage more effectively with CBT

200
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What often happens with SSRIs or CBT

A

In practice some people respond best to CBT alone whilst other benefit more from the dugs like fluoxetine and occasionally other drugs are prescribed alongside SSRIs

201
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What can be done if SSRIs arent effective

A

Dose can be increased or could be combined with another drug or sometime different antidepressants are trued

202
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Why do some alternative work well for some poeple and not others

A

Patients respond differently to different drugs

203
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Examples of other possible drugs

A

Tricyclics
SNRIs

204
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What are tricyclics

A

Older type of antidepressants that’s sometimes used eg clomipramine has and effects as SSRIs but more sever side effects

205
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
When are tricyclics prescribed

A

For those who don’t respond to SSRIs

206
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What does SNRI stand for

A

Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

207
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
When are SNRIs used

A

To treat the last 5 years of OCD or the patient doesn’t respond to SSRIs

208
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What do SNRIs increase levels of

A

Serotonin and noradrenaline

209
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What’s noradrenaline

A

Neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation

210
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
2 strengths

A

Drug therapy is effective and backed up by evidence
Cost effective and non disruptive

211
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What evidence supports SSRIs

A

Soomro et al (2008)

212
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What did Soomro et al do

A

Reviewed 17 studies of SSRIs versus placebo treatments with 3097 patients

213
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What did Soomro et al find

A

SSRIs effective in short term in treating OCD and effectiveness greatest when combined. With psychological treatment like CBT
SSRIs effective for 70% of patients

214
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Conclusion of evidence

A

Drugs can therefore help most people with OCD

215
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What is drug treatment cheap compared to

A

Psychological treatments such as CBT which require a therapist

216
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Positive for NHS

A

Good value to use drugs

217
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
How are drugs non disruptive

A

Dont disrupt patients lives as much as psychological treatments as can take drugs until symptoms decline and not have hard work of psychological therapy

218
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
2 weaknesses

A

Drugs can have side effects
Unreliable evidence for drug treatment

219
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
What are examples of side effects of SSRIs

A

Indigestion blurred vision and loss of sex drive

220
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Down side to clomipramine

A

More side effects and more serious

221
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Why are side effects negative

A

Reduce effectiveness as poeople stop taking the medication as it has more side effects which outweigh the positives

222
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Why is there unreliable evidence for drug treatment

A

Some psychologists believe evidence favouring drug treatment is biased because research sponsored by drug companies who don’t report all evidence

223
Q

Biological approach to treating OCD
Why is unreliable evidence a weakness

A

Drugs wont be as effective as it seems to be

224
Q

depression
What is it

A

Mood disorder involving lengthy disturbance of emotions

225
Q

depression
What % of people suffer from some form of depression

A

20

226
Q

depression
How long does a depressive episode generally last

A

Between two to six months

227
Q

depression
What is high among depressives

A

Suicide rate

228
Q

depression
What is the average of of onset

A

Late twenties

229
Q

depression
Examples of depression and depressive disorders

A

Major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

230
Q

Characteristics of depression
Three emotional characteristics

A

Lowered mood
Anger
Lowered self esteem

231
Q

Characteristics of depression
Lowered mood as an emotional characteristics

A

Feeling sad worthless and empty

232
Q

Characteristics of depression
Anger as an emotional characteristics

A

Sometimes extreme
Directed at self or others

233
Q

Characteristics of depression
Lowered self esteem as an emotional characteristics

A

How much we like ourselves
Can be extreme-self loathing

234
Q

Characteristics of depression
3 behavioural characteristics

A

Activity levels
Aggression and self harm
Disruption to sleep and eating

235
Q

Characteristics of depression
Activity levels as behavioural characteristics

A

Reduced levels of energy (withdraw from work, eduction, social life)
Reduced movements and speech
Can’t get out of bed
Psychomotor agitation (can’t relax and pacing)

236
Q

Characteristics of depression
Aggression and self harm as behavioural characteristics

A

Irritable verbally/physically aggressive (relationship and employment problems )
Physical aggression directed at self (cutting or suicide)

237
Q

Characteristics of depression
Disruption to sleep and eating as a behavioural characteristics

A

Reduced sleep (insomnia and premature wakening)
Hypersomnia(increased need to sleep)
Appetite variance (weight loss /gain)

238
Q

Characteristics of depression
3 cognitive characteristics

A

Poor concentration
Attending to and dwelling on the negative
Absolutist thinking

239
Q

Characteristics of depression
Poor concentration as a cognitive process

A

Unable to stick to tasks/making decisions difficult
Likely to interfere with work

240
Q

Characteristics of depression
Attending to and dwelling on negative as a cognitive characteristic

A

Ignores positive
Sees the glass half empty not half full
Bias towards unhappy events rather than happy events

241
Q

Characteristics of depression
Absolutist thinking as a cognitive charteristic

A

Black and white thinking
Eg when a situation is unfortunate they see it as an absolute disaster

242
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What are the two ways of explaining depression

A

Beck’s cognitive theory
Ellis’s ABC model

243
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What did Beck suggest to use to explain depression

A

Cognitive approach to explain why people are more vulnerable to depression then others

244
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What does Becks theory suggest depression stems from

A

A persons cognitions that create vulnerability with emphasis on automatic thought

245
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What are the three parts to cognitive vulnerability

A
  1. Faulty information processing
  2. Negative self schemas
  3. The negative triad
246
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is the faulty information processing of becks cognitive theory

A

When depressed we attend to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positives and tend to blow small problems out of proportion and think in “black and white’ terms

247
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What are cognitive biases

A

Where reality is misperceived

248
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What are the four main cognitive bias as in faulty information processing

A

Arbitrary inference
Selective abstraction
Overgeneralisation
Magnification and minimisation

249
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is arbitrary inference

A

Conclusions drawn in the absence of sufficient evidence eg a man concluding he’s worthless because its raining when he hosts an outdoor party

250
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What’s selective abstraction

A

Conclusions drawn from jut one part of a situation eg a worker feeling worthless when a product doesn’t work even though sevens people made it

251
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What’s overgeneralisation

A

Sweeping conclusions drawn on the basis of a single event eg a student regarding poor performance one tests as proof of his worthlessness

252
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What magnification and minimisation

A

Magnification is exaggerations in evaluation of performance eg a man never wanting to drive again because of a tiny scratch
Minimisation eg woman believing she’s worthless deposited many praises

253
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is a schema

A

Mental ‘package’ of ideas and information developed through experience and act as a framework for prosesing information

254
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What’s a self schema

A

Package of information about ourselves

255
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What happens if we have negative self schemas

A

Interpret all information about ourselves in a negative way

256
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is a negative triad

A

Negative schemas and cognitive biases that happen when were depressed

257
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Components of the negative triad

A

Negative view of the self
Negative view of the work
Negative view of the future

258
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is negative view of the self

A

Where the individual sees them as being helpless worthless or inadequate
These thoughts enhance any existing depressive feelings because they confirm the existing emotions of low self esteem

259
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is negative view of the world

A

Where obstacles are perceived within ones environment cannot be dealt
This creates the impression that there is no hope anywhere

260
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
2 strengths of becks cognitive theory

A

Good supporting evidence
Practical application in CBT

261
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What supports becks cognitive theory of depression

A

Range of evidence supports the urea that depression is associated with faulting information processing, negative self schemas and the negative triad

262
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What study supports becks cognitive theory

A

Boury et al (2001)

263
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What did Boury et al do

A

Monitored students negative thoughts with the beck depression inventory

264
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What did Boury et al find

A

Depressives misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative fashion and feel hopeless about the future

265
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Limitation of boury et al

A

Only students were studied which limits the extent to which can be generalised

266
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What does CBT do

A

Identifies and challenges cognitive aspects of depression including the components of the negative triad that are easily identifiable
Therapist can challenge them and encourage the patient to test whether theyre true

267
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Why is CBT a strength fir becks cognitive theory

A

Translates well into successful therapy

268
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
2 weaknesses

A

Doesn’t explain all aspects of depression
Other approaches many explain depression better

269
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What does Becks theory only do

A

Neatly explain the basic symptoms if depression but depression is complex

270
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What can’t becks theory explain

A

Why some depressives are deeply angry or why some suffer from hallucinations

271
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What can depressives sometimes suffer from

A

Cotard syndrome

272
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Why is this a weakness for becks theory

A

Cannot easily exp;Lina these cases

273
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What other approach may explain depression better

A

The biological approach with the genetic explaition

274
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is the genetic explaination

A

Centres on the idea that vulnerability to depression is inherited

275
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
How is the genetic explanation generally researched

A

Through twin and adoption studies
More recently, gene mapping used to compare genetic material of those with high or low incidences of the disorder

276
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What’s Ellis’ ABC model

A

Believed depression resulted in irrational thoughts and depressives mistakenly blaming external event for their unhappiness and its their interpretation of these events which are to blame

277
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is A in ABC

A

activating event

278
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is an activating agent

A

Situations or external events when something happens in the environment around you

279
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is B in ABC

A

Beliefs

280
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What are belies

A

Belief about event or situation may hope a variety of irrational ones such as life should be fair or you must succeed at everything

281
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What is C in ABC

A

Consequences

282
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What are consequences

A

Emotional response to your belief

283
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Difference between depressed and not depressed

A

People who don’t suffer may react differently as belief may be they did their best
Major deference is how they perceive themselves

284
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
1 strengths

A

Practical application to CBT

285
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What has Ellis’ explanation led to

A

Successful therapy by challenging irrational negative beliefs to reduce depression

286
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Why is this a strength

A

Poeples symptoms can be treated therefore resulting in a better quality of life

287
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
3 weaknesses

A

Only a partial explanation
Doesn’t explain all aspects of depression
Wonder et al (1986)

288
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What’s reactive depression

A

When cases of depression follow activating events

289
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Why is reactive depression a weakness for ellis’ explanation

A

Only applies to some kinds of depression and is therefore only a partial explanations

290
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Why doesn’t ellis’ explanation explain all aspects

A

Although explain why some people appear to be more vulnerable to depression than others due to cognitions doesn’t explain anger associated or hallucinations and delusional

291
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Why is this bad

A

Doesn’t fully explain depression

292
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
What did wender et al find

A

Found adopted children who develop depression were roe likely to have a depressed biological parent even though raised in different environments

293
Q

Cognitive approach to explaining depression
Why is wender et al a weakness

A

Implies biological factors are more important that cognitive ones

294
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What does the cognitive approach use to treat depression

A

CBT

295
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What is CBT commonly used for

A

Psychological treatment for depression and other mental health problems

296
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What does CBT do

A

Uses idea that beliefs expectation and cognitive assessments of self and the environment affect how individuals perceive themselves and others which can affect how problems are approached and how successful indivuals are in reaching goals

297
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
Route for CBT

A

First an assessment where the patients and therapist identify the problem
Second ide tidy negative or irrational thoughts that will benefit from challenge
Lastly work to change these negative irrational thoughts

298
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What do therapists use techniques from in CBT

A

Some therapists use techniques from Becks cognitive therapy
Some rely on REBT
Most draw on both

299
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What is REBT

A

Ellis’ rational emotive behaviour therapy

300
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What does becks cognitive therapy do

A

Identify automatic thoughts about world self and future (negative triad) then challenge them

301
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What can be set in becks cognitive therapy

A

Patients may be asked to invective the reality of their negative beliefs throng being set homework

302
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What is becks cognitive therapy sometimes referred to as

A

Patient as scientist
Investigating the reality of their negative beliefs as a scientist would

303
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What does REBT involve

A

Making patients irrational and negative thoughts more rational and positive by identifying and disputing or challenging irrational thoughts and beliefs

304
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
How is the A in the ABC used in REBT

A

Patient records events leading to disordered thinking

305
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
How is B in the ABC model used in REBT

A

Patient records negative thoughts associated with the event

306
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
How is the C in the ABC model used in REBT

A

Patient records negative thoughts or behaviours that follow

307
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
How does REBT use the ABC

A

Vigorous argument to dispute and change the irrational beliefs and break the link between negative life events and depression

308
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What are the methods of disputing in REBT

A

Empirical arguments (is there any actual evidence to support the negative thoughts )
Logical argument (does negative thought logically follow from the facts)
This is the eduction phase

309
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What’s behavioural activation

A

Introduced after the education phase
Therapist encourages patient to become more active and engaged in positive activities

310
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What is the patient given in between sessions

A

Goals to boost self esteem and hypothesis testing of negative thoughts

311
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
2 strengths of CBT

A

Has no side effects
Cost effective

312
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What side effects does CBT not gave

A

Compared to other treatments such as drug theory (antidepressants) which may have side effects such as anxiety insomnias and headaches which is not and issue for CBT

313
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
Why is having no side effects a strength

A

Strength of CBT may encourage more people to try it

314
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
Why is CBT cost effective

A

Occurs over a relatively short period of time because the techniques involves are usually continually it stops the symptoms repeating

315
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
Why is being cost effective a strength

A

Gives patients practical techniques to use long after the CBT has ended making them feel in control

316
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
CBT 2 weaknesses

A

May not work for all cases
Ethical concerns

317
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
Why mayCBT not be for all patients with depression

A

May not be able to motivate themselves to engage with hard cognitive work of CBT and find concentrating difficult may not be able to get all the benefits
May feel overwhelmed and disappointed with themselves resulting in strengthened depression symptoms

318
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
Why is this a limitation

A

Means CBT cannot be used as a sole treatment for all depression and also as CNT is a talking therapy isn’t suitable for those who have difficulties talking about feelings

319
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
Why is there ethical concerns for CBT

A

May be too therapist centred as may abuse their power of control over patients forcing them into certain ways of thinking over depressed patients who may be particularly vulnerable and influential

320
Q

Cognitive approach to treating depression
What can be as a result of CBT

A

Patients too dependant on theorists

psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions