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PSYCH220 > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Describe freedom vs. determinism

A

do individuals have control over their behaviours & understand the motives behind them or is human behaviour determined by internal or external forces over which we have little/no control?

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2
Q

Describe heredity vs. environment

A

do inherited characteristics or factors in the environment have more influence on human behaviour?

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3
Q

Describe uniqueness vs. universality

A

is each individual unique/cannot be compared with others or are people basically very similar?

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4
Q

Describe proactivity vs. reactivity

A

do humans act on their initiative or simply react to stimuli from the outside world?

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5
Q

Describe optimism vs. pessimism

A

do significant changes in personality occur over course of a lifetime? If motivated can genuine changes appear in personality?

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6
Q

What are the criteria used to evaluate philosophical assumptions?

A

Coherence, relevance and comprehensiveness and compellingness

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7
Q

What are intrapsychic theories, and whose theories are intrapsychic?

A

Within the psyche, not interested in relationships with people
Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory
Jung’s Analytic theory

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8
Q

What are interpsychic theories, and whose theories are interpsychic?

A

Interpersonal relationships crucial, why you are the way you are is b/c of external factors
Adler’s Individual psychology
Sullivan’s Interpersonal psychiatry

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9
Q

What is free association?

A

patient is asked to verbalize whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial/insignificant/painful it may be. Later these will be reflected on & analyzed in order to recover repressed idea

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10
Q

What is the manifest dream?

A

the dream remembered the next morning, often appearing incoherent or nonsensical but nevertheless w/ a narrative or story

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11
Q

What is the latent dream?

A

the meaning/motive underlying the manifest dream
Symbols important in “dream work” (process of gaining insight into converting true meaning to manifest dream) → some symbols are unique to the individual/some common

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12
Q

What are the 4 features of Freud’s “drive”

A

1) Source - bodily stimulus or need
2) Impetus - amount of energy/intensity of the need
3) Aim - goal & purpose to reduce the excitation
4) Object - person or object in environment through which the aim can be satisfied

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13
Q

What are the two groups of impulse drives?

A

Eros: life impulses or drives, forces that maintain life processes and ensure reproduction
Thanatos: death impulses or drives, is a biological reality & source of aggressiveness,

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14
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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15
Q

Describe Freud’s oral stage (age, source of pleasure/conflict)

A

Age: Birth-1
Major source of pleasure/potential conflict is the mouth (how infants receive nourishment, have closest contact with mother, discover info)
Mother may encourage child to not bit or suck thumb → potential for conflict

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16
Q

Describe Freud’s anal stage (age, source of pleasure/conflict)

A

Age: 2-3
Major source of pleasure/potential conflict is the anus toilet training, converting involuntary bodily function into a voluntary action)
Signifies child’s first attempt to regulate instinctual behaviour
Clash of wills between child/caregiver
Child may experience pleasure or pain in expelling or retaining their waste

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17
Q

Describe Freud’s phallic stage (age, source of pleasure/conflict)

A

Age: 3-6
Pleasurable & conflicting feelings associated with genitals
*not with reproductive functions but pleasure in autoerotic activity
*significance in distinguishing between the sexes
Children curious about geneticals even if not intellectually capable of understanding sexual matters → finding out not all individuals similarly endowed
Spin fantasies re: sex, birth → pregnant woman has eaten a baby, sexi viewed as aggressive act by father against mother

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18
Q

Describe Freud’s latency stage (age, source of pleasure/conflict)

A

Comparative sexual calm, forces develop that inhibit sexual drive & narrow its direction
Impulses which are unacceptable by direct expression channeled into sports/intellectual interests/peer relations
Not considered genuine psycho-sexual stage b/c nothing dramatically new emerges
Criticized b/c children are learning to hide instead of express their sexuality

19
Q

Describe Freud’s genital stage (age, source of pleasure/conflict)

A

Age: Puberty-Adulthood
Rebirth of sexual desires/drive - formerly autoerotic is now redirected to seeking gratification from interaction w/others
In Latency preference of same-sex peers → shifts to opposite sex
Mature people satisfy needs in socially approved ways approved by culture

20
Q

Describe “Id”

A

Core of our being, oldest/original function of personality & basis for ego/superego
Little known about Id b/c not present in consciousness
Chaos, full of expectations → drives that motivate us/genetic inheritance, reflexes/responses

21
Q

Describe “Ego”

A

The “I” - realistically meets wishes of the Id in accordance w/outside world
Ego follows Reality Principle: satisfying Id’s impulses in appropriate manner, postpones discharge of tension until appropriate object that will satisfy the need is found

22
Q

Describe “Super-Ego”

A

The “Above-I” - represents internalized values/ideals/moral standards
Last function of personality to develop
Internalized teachings of parents/society
Rewards/punishments placed on us become self-administered

23
Q

What are the 2 systems of the super-ego

A

Conscience: capacity for self-evaluation, criticism, reproach, scolds ego, creates guilt
Ego-Ideal: ideal self-image consisting of approved/rewarded behaviours, source of pride & concept of who we think we should be

24
Q

Describe repression

A

Bocking a wish/desire from conscious expression

Ex: Unaware of deep-seated hostilities towards parents

25
Q

Describe denial

A

Refusing to accept an unpleasant reality

Ex: Refusing to believe that one has terminal illness

26
Q

Describe projection

A

Attributing an unconscious impulse/attitude/behaviour to another
Ex: Blaming another for your act or believing someone is out to get you

27
Q

Describe reaction formation

A

Expressing an impulse by its opposite

Ex: Treating someone you intensely dislike in an overly friendly manner

28
Q

Describe regression

A

Returning to earlier form of expressing an impulse

Ex: Resuming bedwetting after long since stopped

29
Q

Describe rationalization

A

Dealing w/ emotion intellectually to avoid emotional concern

Ex: Arguing that “everybody does it” to avoid guilt

30
Q

Describe identification

A

Modeling behaviour after someone else’s

Ex: Imitating mother or father

31
Q

Describe displacement

A

Satisfying impulse with substitute object

Ex: Scapegoating

32
Q

Describe sublimation

A

Rechanneling impulse into more socially desirable outlet

Ex: Satisfying sexual curiosity by researching sexual behaviours

33
Q

What is transference?

A

patient transferring to analyst the emotional attitudes felt as a child towards significant people, permits patient to re-experience & rework these relationships to more satisfactory resolution
Positive Transference → Positive/friendly feelings towards analyst
Negative Transference → Hostile/angry feelings towards analyst

34
Q

What are the psychosocial stages & outcomes?

A 
Trust vs. Mistrust = Hope
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt = Will
Initiative vs. Guilt = Purpose
Industry vs. Inferiority = Competence
Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion = Fidelity
Intimacy vs. Isolation = Love
Generativity vs. Stagnation = Care
Ego Integrity vs. Dispair = Wisdom
35
Q

Describe Marcia’s theory

A

Identity Diffusion: low commitment, low crisis
Moratorium: no commitment, high crisis
Foreclosure: high commitment, low crisis
Identity Achievement: high commitment, no crisis (but crisis has happened)

36
Q

What are the arenas of commitment?

A

Interpersonal, Career, Values & Beliefs

37
Q

What are the 6 intimacy statuses?

A

Isolate (low intimacy, not many close friends, drifter)
Merger (low intimacy, seems like very intimate but really just made their personality about partner)
Stereotype (medium intimacy, relations immature, lack depth, playboy type)
Pseudo-Intimate (medium intimacy, made at least one long-term commitment, capable of but not truly intimate)
Pre-Intimate (high intimacy, close friends but not truly in love, ambivolent to risks)
Intimate (high intimacy, several close friends, experience in romantic relations free to express)

38
Q

What are the primary modes of relating, and the associated basic orientations?

A 
Moving Towards (compliance, self-effacing solution)
Moving Against (hostility, self-expansive solution)
Moving Away (detachment, resignation solution)
39
Q

Key Terms for Freud

A 
Id, Ego, Superego
Manifest Dream, Latent Dream
Psychosexual Stages
Transference
Free Association
40
Q

Key Terms for Jung

A

Psyche
Attitudes (Extraversion/Introversion) and Functions (Sensing/Thinking, Feeling/Intuition)
Personal & Collective Unconscious
Personal & Collective Archetypes

41
Q

Key Terms for Adler

A 
Interpsychic
Finalisms, Social Interest, Fictional Finalisms
Superiority, Inferiority, Style of Life
Family Constellation/Atmosphere
Creative Self
42
Q

Key Terms for Horney

A 
Basic Anxiety/Basic Evil
Primary modes of relating, basic orientations
Real self vs. Idealized self
Tyranny of the Should
Womb Envy
Hyper-competitiveness
Attachment Theory, Parenting Styles
43
Q

Key Terms for Fromm

A 
Escape mechanisms (from Freedom): Authoritarianism, Destructiveness, Automaton Conformity
Character Orientations (receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive)
Basic Needs (relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, sense of identity, frame of orientation/object of devotion, excitation/stimulation
44
Q

Key Terms for Erikson

A

Psychosocial Stages
Identity Crisis
Virtues
Pyschohistory

PSYCH220 (2 decks)

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