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Anesthesia-Pulmonary > Oxygenation & Hypoxemia > Flashcards

Oxygenation & Hypoxemia Flashcards

1
Q

The goal is to maintain Oxygen saturation above

A

94%

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2
Q

what is the arterial O2 tension (PaO2)

A

whats dissolved in the plasma & partial pressure

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3
Q

What is the goal of PaO2?

A

Above 88mmHg

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4
Q

What is the definition of A-a

A

The Big A- Alveolar
The small a- arterial

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5
Q

How can the Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient be increased?

A

by increasing FiO2

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6
Q

An increase in Oxygen affinity, reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, alkalosis, low temperature, low DPG, and fetal Hb, causes a shift to the

A

LEFT

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7
Q

An increase in oxygen delivery to tissues, reduced oxygen affinity, acidosis, increase in temperature and DPG, causes a shift to the

A

RIGHT

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8
Q

Definition of Hypoxemia

A

Abnormally low O2 in the blood
General-whole body
Tissue-localized/regional

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9
Q

How is hypoventilation corrected?

A

Increasing FiO2

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10
Q

What happens with hypoventilation?

A

PaCO2 & PACO2 increase

PAO2 decreases

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11
Q

Examples of LOW FLOW O2

A

Nasal Cannula, Simple Face Mask, Face Tent, Non-Rebreather Mask

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12
Q

Examples of HIGH FLOW O2

A

High Flow Nasal Cannula, Venturi Mask, Nebulizer, Non-invasive and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

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13
Q

FiO2 delivery of the following Low Flow:
NC-
Simple Mask-
NRB-

A

NC-0.24-0.4
Simple Mask-0.35-0.55
NRB-0.80-0.95

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14
Q

FiO2 delivery of the following High Flow:
Venturi-
Trach Collar-

A

Venturi-0.24-0.6
Trach Collar- (same)

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15
Q

LPM:
NC-
Venturi-
Trach Collar-
Simple-
Non-rebreather

A

NC- 0.24-0.4
Venturi- 0.24-0.6
Trach Collar- (“ “)
Simple- 0.35-0.55
Non-rebreather- 0.80-0.95

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16
Q

Preoxygenation replaces ____ with _____ being the second biggest resivoir of O2 besides the plasma

A

Replaces Nitrogen
FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)-denitrogenation

17
Q

Target end-tidal ETO2

A

90%

18
Q

Risk of delivering high O2 fraction

A

Hyperoxia

Hypotension (cause reduced SV & CO through increased SVR)

Cardiac & Cerebral ischemia (increased coronary constriction & decreased CBF)

19
Q

The airway is controlled by what autonomic system?

A

Parasympathetic (VAGUS nerve primary)

20
Q

Catecholamines binding to BETA-2 receptors in the airway smooth muscle will cause

A

BronchoDILATION

21
Q

Sympathetic NS and NANC control in airway

A

SNS-no DIRECT control

NANC-direct influence on smooth muscle (relaxation) and role in inflammatory response

22
Q

PSNS releases ______ which activates ______receptors, causing. vaso________

A

ACH; M3; constriction

23
Q

Activation of G____protein and ____________ & and an increase in _______ causes__________

A

Q; Phospholipase C; IP3; vasoconstriction

24
Q

What are some bronchoconstricting mediators released by the PSNS?

A

Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Sub P
NK-A

25
Q

BETA-2 receptors on postganglionic cholinergic nerve causes

A

HYPER polarization & reduced ACh release

26
Q

BETA-2 recepotrs on airway smooth muscle calls cause

A

stimulation of adenyl cyclase which INCREASES cAMP, HYPERpolarizatioon, and ultimately smooth muscle relaxation

27
Q

HYPERpolarization is due to

A

loss of potassium

28
Q

Nitric OXide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) are

A

Inhibitory

29
Q

Substance P and NK-A are

A

Stimulatory

30
Q

Asthma causes these changes in the respiratory system

A

Inflammation
Irritability
Remodeling
Constriction
Fibrosis
Mucous production
Smooth muscle hypertrophy
Angiogenesis
Increased vascular permeability

31
Q

Asthma causes ________airway resistance

A

Increased

32
Q

COPD is often ________

A

Irreversible

33
Q

Emphysema causes a loss of _________,__________, &____________

A

surface area, elastic recoil, & loss of structural integrity

34
Q

What can cause bronchoconstriction in the intra-op area

A

Abx, airway manipulation, surgical stimulation, NMB, histamine release(morphine)

35
Q

What are some assessment observations that will lead to a diagnosis of bronchospasm?

A

Increased Peak Airway Pressures, Reduced TV, difficulty bagging, sharkfin capnography, changes in SaO2 and PaCO2, wheezing

36
Q

Wheezing is

A

A POOR indicator of degree of airway obstruction

Anesthesia-Pulmonary (2 decks)

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