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NeuroAnatomy Flashcards

1
Q

60 yo right handed M, getting lost, only writes on right half of paper, left sided hemi-neglect. Where is the lesion?

A

right parietal lobe

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2
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

-Primary motor cortex (precentral Gyrus)
-impulse control (orbitofrontal cortex)
-socialization
-executive functioning
-working memory
-language production (Broca’s area)

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3
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

-primary sensory cortex (post-central gyrus)
-knowledge of numbers
-visuospatial processing
-R-L orientation

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4
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

-primary auditory cortex
-contains hippocampus (memory)
-Wernicke’s area (understanding language)
-comprehension/naming
-recognition of faces
-visual processing

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5
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

-primary visual cortex
-lesions=visual field abnormalities

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6
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

-sensory perception
-motor coordination/learning
-proprioception
-equilibrium
-posture

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7
Q

Basal Ganglia functions

A

-Is associated with coordination of movement

-composed of:
1: striatum (putamen/caudate/nuc accubens)
2: globus pallidus
3: subthalamic nucleus
4: substantia nigra

-motor tracts go through striatum

-abnormalities of basal ganglia include parkinson’s disease, tourettes, cerebral palsy, dystonia, OCD, and tardive dyskinesia

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8
Q

MoCA Modified Trail Marking tests _?

A

-tests language skills (Broca’s and Wernickes’)
-Must be able to understand the instructions, know what the letters and numbers mean

-tests executive functioning (frontal lobe)
-must be able to switch back and forth between letters and numbers

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9
Q

Impairment in trail making on the MoCA indicates which possible pathology?

A

-Alzheimer’s
-frontal subcortical vascular disease
-frontotemporal dementia
-lewy body dementia

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10
Q

MoCA Copy of the Cube tests _?

A

-visuomotor and visuo-perceptual skills (parieto-occipital lobe)
-planning (frontal lobe and frontal cortical subcortical circuits)
-fine motor ability (fronto-parieto-occipital cortices)

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11
Q

MoCA Clock Drawing tests _?

A

-visual-spatial functions (right parietal lobe)
-executive function (frontal lobe and frontal subcortical circuits)
-

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12
Q

MoCa Naming animals exercise tests_?

A

-perceptual visual function (right parietal and bilateral occipital lobes)
-semantic memory used to identify and name animal (medial temporal lobes)
-Language production (left temporal-parietal lobe and left frontal lobe AKA Broca’s region in right handed individuals)

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13
Q

MoCa “recite this list of numbers back to me” exercise tests_?

A

-retention of auditory stimuli and articulatory rehearsal (understanding and speaking language=Left sylvian valley)
-attention and immediate memory (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)

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14
Q

MoCa “Letter A Tapping Test” exercise tests_?

A

-concentration (frontal lobe and frontal subcortical circuits)
-Inhibition of tapping (orbitofrontal cotex)

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15
Q

MoCa “serial 7’s” exercise tests_?

A

-concentration (frontal lobe and frontal subcortical circuits)
-working memory (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
-calculation (left parietal lobe)

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16
Q

MoCa “Sentence Repeating” exercise tests_?

A

-language skills (left temporo-parietal-frontal circuit ‘left sylvian valley’ for understanding and reproducing language)
-working memory and attention (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)
-concentration (frontal lobe and frontal subcortical circuits)

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17
Q

MoCA exercise of “naming things that start with F” tests_?

A

-set shifting and concentration (left frontal lobe and frontal subcortical circuits)
-working memory (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)

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18
Q

MoCA “abstraction” exercise tests?

A

-semantic memory (medial temporal lobes)
-knowledge of categories and concepts (left temporal lobe and left angular gyrus)
-abstract thinking (frontal subcortical circuits)

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19
Q

MoCA exercise of “delayed recall” tests_?

A

-memory retrieval (frontal lobe or frontal subcortical areas adn the hippocampal-parieto-frontal networks)
-encoding memory (Left papez circuit=hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, and thalamus)

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20
Q

MoCA testing of “orietation” tests_?

A

recent memory (papez circuit= hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, and thalamus)

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21
Q

66yo with HTN develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups, L face numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia of limbs, staggering gait, and tendency to fall to the left. Dx?

A

left medullary stroke (aka wallenberg’s syndrome or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) occlusion)

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22
Q

left sided hemineglect is cause by a lesion in which area?

A

right parietal lobe

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23
Q

adult neurogenesis happens in which area of the brain?

A

hippocampus

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24
Q

MRI Scan of the head reveals infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral artery. Signs?

A

weakness of contralateral foot and leg, sparing of face and arm, with abulia

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25
Q

previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over 6 months. Where is the pathology?

A

frontal lobe

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26
Q

Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia. Where is the infarct?

A

brain stem

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27
Q

In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain?

A

ventral tegmental area

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28
Q

orexin is made in which part of the brain?

A

lateral hypothalamic nuclei

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29
Q

Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces is ___.

A

amygdala

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30
Q

Where does histamine synthesis happen?

A

hypothalamus

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31
Q

which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and also mediates addiction and associated behaviors/reinforcing?

A

mesolimbic

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32
Q

neural plasticity is largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology of what cell structure?

A

dendritic spines

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33
Q

which brain region does leptin work?

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q

oxytocin suppresses which brain region?

A

amygdala

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35
Q

hypothalamus area for maternal behavior?

A

pre-optic

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36
Q

cranial nerve for gag reflex and palete elevation?

A

vagal nerve

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37
Q

whicch of the following statements regarding the development of the CNS in the first 2 years of life is correct?

A

motor cortex develops before sensory cortex

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38
Q

which of the following cortical regions is a key component of the salience network?

A

anterior cingulate gyrus

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39
Q

primary taste cortex in humans is located in which cortical area?

A

anterior insular

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40
Q

initial learning phase of skilled motor sequence requires the corticostriatal system and what other system?

A

corticocerebellar

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41
Q

reduced hippocampal volume causes what type of memory impairment?

A

declarative

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42
Q

histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate in which brain nuclei?

A

tuberomammilary

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43
Q

Pt receives neck manipulation, now has dysarthric speech, gait ataxia, numbness right body, neck pain, dx?

A

vetebral artery dissection

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44
Q

which areas are connected by the stria terminalis?

A

amygdala to the septal area and the hypothalamus

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45
Q

wakefulness depends on which brain area?

A

ascending reticular activating system

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46
Q

what forms the neural tube?

A

ectoderm

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47
Q

rTMS for MDD targets which brain region?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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48
Q

neurogenesis in the adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain?

A

dentate gyrus

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49
Q

which of the following is part of the hippocampal formation: amygdala, septal area, dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus, mammillary bodies?

A

dentate gyrus

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50
Q

bipolar has decreased connectivity here

A

amygdala and prefrontal cortex

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51
Q

biogenic amine made in locus coeruleus:

A

norepinephrine

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52
Q

CNS response to fear is mediated by what structure?

A

centromedial nuclei of amygdala

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53
Q

CNS region containing dopaminergic neurons projecting to caudate and putamen:

A

substantia nigra

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54
Q

area of brain responsible for facial recognition

A

fusiform gyrus

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55
Q

area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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56
Q

which part of the cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli?

A

lateral orbitofrontal

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57
Q

which circuit mediates ability to resist responding to aggravating situations with hostility?

A

orbitofrontal

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58
Q

the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, striatum, and ___ are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms.

A

thalamus

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59
Q

hyperactivity of the orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus is what disorder?

A

OCD

60
Q

the blood brain barrier is made up of what kind of cells?

A

endothelial

61
Q

dopamine neurons in what system are primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive processing?

A

mesocortical

62
Q

development of brain gray matter volume peaks at what stage?

A

late childhood

63
Q

in a patient with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis?

A

basal ganglia

64
Q

where are stme cells in the hippocampus for adult brains?

A

subgranular zone

65
Q

where is the stroke: weakness of right leg, with only minor weakness of the right hand, no weakness of face, no sensory deficit, no speech deficit, patient is unusually quiet and passive

A

left anterior cerebral artery

66
Q

which artery is the stroke? hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involving all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head

A

posterior cerebral

67
Q

which artery is the stroke? right side palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm, and leg, combined with 3rd nerve palsy

A

posterior cerebral artery

68
Q

which artery is the stroke? bilateral lower extremity weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence

A

anterior cerebral

69
Q

where is the stroke? pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk, and leg caused by a lacunar infarct where?

A

lateral thalamus

70
Q

Blocking right posterior cerebral artery causes which visual disturbance?

A

left homonymous hemianopsia

71
Q

the clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral artery would result in which of the following?

A

homonymous hemianopia with alexia without agraphia

72
Q

signs of anterior spinal artery infarction

A

-acute back pain at level of injury
-bilateral flaccid para/quadraparesis,
-loss of pain and temperature
-preservation of proprioception, vibratory sense, fine touch, and 2-pt discrimination
-autonomic dysfunction with hypotension, bradycardia, and impaired temperature regulation

73
Q

intact somatosensory functioning for light touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration, and proprioception but patient cannot recognize objects based on touch. what brain region is affected?

A

posterior parietal lobe

74
Q

loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is the result of demonstrable weakness, ataxia, or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of?

A

left parietal cortex

75
Q

normal romberg w/ eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. where is the lesion?

A

cerebellar vermis

76
Q

motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI–hyperactivity in right temporal lobe.

A

calcarine fissure

77
Q

aphasia with effortful fragmented, non-fluent, telegraphic speech is seen in a lesion where?

A

posterior frontal lobe (broca’s area)

78
Q

a pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause?

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

79
Q

conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure?

A

arcuate fasciculus

80
Q

unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, headaches, mild facial weakness, and ipsilateral limb ataxia is most commonly associated with at tumor whrere?

A

cerebellopontine angle

81
Q

20 yo with 1 year h/o bitemporal headaches, polydipsia, polyuria, and bullimia, + 2 months h/o emotional outbursts aggression, and transient confusion.Where is the tumor?

A

hypothalamic tumor

82
Q

personality change with impulsivity is a problem where?

A

frontal lobe

83
Q

headaches, peripheral vision loss involving temporal fields of both eyes. where is the mass

A

sella turcica

84
Q

unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage where?

A

reticular formation

85
Q

Acute onset of hemiballismus of LUE and LLE. MRI shows lesion where?

A

subthalamic nucleus

86
Q

akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which of the following structures?

A

anterior cingulate gyrus

87
Q

which lesion causes bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and present with horizontal and vertical gaze?

A

brainstem

88
Q

32 yo patient with 1 month h/ of worsening headaches, episodic mood swings, and occasional hallucinations with visual, tactile, and auditory content. Where is tumor?

A

temporal lobe

89
Q

syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comprehension, inability to repeat, w/o associated signs. Location of lesion in the brain?

A

supramarginal gyrus or insula

90
Q

lesions in mammillary bodies will have what sx?

A

amnesia, confabulation, lack of insight

91
Q

old person with progressive personality changes, dull emotions, lack of initiative, and apathy with show atrophy of what on autopsy?

A

frontal lobe

92
Q

optimal positioning of deep brain stimulator for parkinsons?

A

subthalamic nucleus

93
Q

optimal position of deep brain stimulator for primary generalized dystonia?

A

globus pallidus

94
Q

mesolimbic dopamine pathway includes which structure?

A

ventral striatum

95
Q

how do coritcal brain areas connect between the cerebral hemispheres?

A

commissural fibers (commissure)

96
Q

the uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?

A

anterior temporal and ventral prefrontal regions

97
Q

what are the cortical columns?

A

functional units for information processing

98
Q

Abnormal emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons, and what?

A

cerebellum

99
Q

exposure to light affects which brain structure?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

100
Q

what part of the brain makes circadian rhythms?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

101
Q

when does synaptogenesis peak?

A

first 4 years of life

102
Q

why does the brain rapidly increase in size from birth to 2 years old?

A

synaptogenesis of neurons

103
Q

where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most?

A

prefrontal cortex

104
Q

threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?

A

amygdala

105
Q

huntingtons disease characterized by loss of neurons producing which neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

106
Q

17 yo is evaluated for binge eating associated with a 60lb weight gain over last 4 months. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts what structure?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

107
Q

what is an accurate statement about the brains default mode network?

A

is involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli

108
Q

the most likely reason that adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking is due to the brain undergoing____

A

synaptic pruning

109
Q

dorso-lateral-prefrontal cortex plays an important role in which activity?

A

working memory

110
Q

drug abuse activates these neuro circuits, generating signals in the ventral tegmental area to where?

A

dopamine into the nucleus accumbens

111
Q

95% of R handed people develop L hemispheric dominance for language. What percentage of L handed people develop left hemispheric dominance for language?

A

75%

112
Q

neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?

A

amygdala-hypothalamus-periaqueductal gray

113
Q

area of frontal cortex activated in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test during shifting of cognitive sets?

A

dorsolateral

114
Q

after middle age, what region of the brain has decreasing sleep spindle density?

A

frontal and occipital lobes

115
Q

what neurodevelopmental process predominantly occurs during adolescence and young adulthood?

A

synaptic pruning

116
Q

where in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

117
Q

what sensation is transmitted through spinothalamic tract?

A

pain

118
Q

ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic?

A

working memory

119
Q

neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen, and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function?

A

affective processing

120
Q

what type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?

A

schwann

121
Q

region of the brain most closely associated with cortical processing of faces:

A

left parietal

122
Q

this hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and brainstem:

A

arcuate nucleus

123
Q

what hormone is synthesized in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

neuropeptide Y

124
Q

Region of the brain connected with the anterior medial frontal cortex during recognition of affective behavior by mirror neuron system:

A

insula

125
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone is released from which brain region during stress?

A

paraventricular nucleus

126
Q

individuals with PTSD demonstrated low responses in what structures on functional imaging?

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

127
Q

thiamine deficiency is associated with changes in what structure?

A

mammillary bodies

128
Q

diencephalon is a precursor to which brain structure?

A

thalamus

129
Q

poor strategies for solving visuospatial problems such as following illustrations for assembling furniture involves which circuit?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal circuit

130
Q

which hypothalamic nuclei affect puberty by pulsatile GnRH secretion?

A

infundibullar

131
Q

which of the following is a key part of the default mode network:

A

medial prefrontal

132
Q

brains structure implicated in maternal attachment:

A

amygdala

133
Q

pathway implicated by tardive dyskinesia

A

nigrostriatal

134
Q

corticobulbar fibers run through which part of the internal capsule?

A

genu

135
Q

area that contains cell bodies of noradrenergic neurons:

A

locus coeruleus

136
Q

PTSD reduces brain volume in this region on MRI

A

hippocampus

137
Q

26 yo M with clumsiness, dizziness, headache, difficulty with rapid alternating movements of R hand, and intentional tremor with finger to nose. what area of brain is damaged?

A

cerebellum

138
Q

which brain lobe is responsible for initial detection of shape, form, and color?

A

temporal

139
Q

dopamine cell bodies are located where?

A

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

140
Q

prenatal exposure to valproic acid causes deficits in which stages of development of the nervous system?

A

neurulation

141
Q

brain region involved in working memory

A

prefrontal cortex

142
Q

brain area inhibited in wakefulness

A

ventral lateral preoptic nucleus

143
Q

drugs of abuse that lead to addictive behavior activate which dopamine pathways?

A

mesoaccumbens

144
Q

what brainstem area causes defensive behavior in response to threat?

A

dorsal periaqueductal gray

145
Q

a brain region where adult neurogenesis occurs

A

lateral ventricle

146
Q

hyperactive DTRs are a sign of upper or lower motor neuron injury?

A

upper

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