Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Rad105 > Test 1 - Chpt 1, 5, 10 > Flashcards

Test 1 - Chpt 1, 5, 10 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the first radiograph produced?

A

December 22, 1895

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

First person to die from radiation

A

Clarence Dally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fundamental quantities

A

Mass, length, time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Derived quantities

A

Velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, work, power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Radiologic quantities

A

Dose, dose equivalent, exposure, radioactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Measure of the number of electrons liberated by ionization per kilogram of air
“Exposure in Air”

A

Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Unit for absorbed dose
- Quantity of radiation energy absorbed by tissues being irradiated

A

Gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is used to quantify occupational exposure or dose equivalent

A

Sievert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is KERMA

A

Quantity of radiation energy delivered to a given point
(Kinetic Energy Released per Unit Mass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable
- minimize radiation dose to the patient, oneself, and others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is ORP

A

Optimization for Radiation Protection
- Basically same as ALARA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 cardinal Principles of Radiation Protextion

A

Shielding
Time
Distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The x-ray tube consists of what? (4)

A

Anode
Cathode
Induction motor
Glass/metal enclosure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Main purpose of the glass/metal enclosure of an x-ray tube

A

To maintain a vacuum within the tube to prevent electrical arcing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the positive end of the tube, what is it’s purpose, what type of conductor is it

A

Anode
- Provides the target for electron interaction to produce x-rays
- Electrical and thermal conductor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Advantage of a rotating anode rather than a stationary anode

A

Rotating anode spreads the heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Some materials that are used in the anode

A

Copper
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Rhenium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is the anode rotated, and what are the two parts of the motor

A

Induction motor
Stator - made up of electromagnets arranged in pairs
Rotor - made of an iron core surrounded by coils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

By angling the face of the anode target, what can be maintained and what can be created?
(Line-Focus Principle)

A

Large actual focal spot size

Small effective focal spot size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Decreasing the anode angle does what to the effective focal spot

A

Makes it smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What angle does the target face need to be for the effective focal spot to be smaller than the actual

A

45 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Common target angles and the range for a general-purpose tube

A

12 degrees
7-18 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The angle causes the intensity of the x-ray beam to be what on the anode side and what on the cathode side
(Anode heel effect)

A

Less
More

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why does the anode heel effect occur?

A

Some of the x-rays are absorbed in the target heel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Decreasing target angle does what to the anode heel effect?

A

Increases it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

If you decrease the SID what happens to the anode heel effect

A

It increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the negative end of the x-ray tube

A

Cathode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the cathode provide

A

Source of electrons needed for x-ray production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the cathode made up of

A

The filaments and the focusing cup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(T/F) the focusing cup surrounds the filaments back and sides, leaving the front open and facing the anode target

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Thermionic emission

A

The boiling off of electrons at the filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

3 things needed to produce x-rays

A
  1. Large potential difference to give kinetic energy to filament electrons (kVp)
  2. A vehicle on which kinetic energy can ride
  3. A place for interaction (target anode)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Factors that can shorten x-ray tube life

A
  • Frequent use of high exposure factors
  • use of lower but very long exposures
  • overloading the filament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

HU formula

A

HU = kVp x mAs x time x constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Single phase = ?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

3 phase 6 pulse = ?

A

1.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

3 phase 12 pulse = ?

A

1.41

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

High frequency = ?

A

1.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How to warm up the machines

A

3 exposures (all Large focal spot; non-Bucky)
- 60 kVp ; 1 mAs
- 65 kVp ; 5 mAs
- 70 kVp ; 10 mAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Fuji System
- The type of system
- What happens if you double the mAs
- what’s the range

A

(Sensitivity numbers) S# - indirect system
- S# cuts in half
- Have to use chart to see specific body part (The lower the number the higher the exposure, and opposite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

AGFA System CR

  • The type of system
  • What happens if you double the mAs
  • what’s the range
A

Uses log mean LgM, Direct System
- LgM increases by 0.3
- (2.0 - 2.3)

42
Q

Delworks

  • The type of system
  • What happens if you double the mAs
  • what’s the range
A

Uses DI (Deviation Index) - Direct System
- DI increases by 3.0
- (-3.0 - 3.0)

43
Q

Transfer of heat from one substance to another due to contact

A

Conduction

44
Q

Energy that is transferred in the form of rays/waves

A

Radiation

45
Q

Transfer of heat through a fluid by molecular motion

A

Convection

46
Q

Systems that use storage phosphors to temporarily store energy representing the image signal

A

Computed Radiography (CR)

47
Q

Systems that have detectors that directly capture and read out an electronic image signal

A

Direct Radiography (DR)

48
Q

Primary parts of a cassette-based system (4)

A

Cassette
Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate
Plate reader
Computer workstation

49
Q

For CR systems, what senses the light released during scanning?

A

The photodetector

50
Q

For a CR system, what converts light to an electronic signal

A

Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC)

51
Q

Two types of DR capture categories

A

Direct and indirect

52
Q

With digital receptors, the response to exposure is ______ and the range of exposures is very _____

A

Linear
Wide
(Dynamic range)

53
Q

(T/F) Digital receptors can respond to exposure levels much lower and much higher than film

A

True

54
Q

Computer software operations available to the radiographer/radiologist that allow manual manipulation of the displayed image

A

Postprocessing functions

55
Q

What function allows the radiographer to expand any region of the grayscale to one that can be seen and differentiated. Often called “brightness”

A

Windowing-level

56
Q

(T/F) Exposure indicators are the only way to know if we used the proper mAs/kVp values

A

True

57
Q

Carestream (Kodak)

  • The type of system
  • What happens if you double the mAs
  • what’s the range
A

Exposure Index (EI) numbers
- EI increases by 300
- (1,800 - 2,200)

58
Q

(T/F) CR systems use dose area product (DAP) as an indicator of exposure

A

False
DR systems

59
Q

A measure of exposure in air measured by a meter embedded in the collimator

A

Dose Area Product (DAP)

60
Q

What reflects both the dose to the patient and the total volume of tissue being irradiated

A

DAP

61
Q

What represents the exposure at the detector relevant to the region being imaged and is defined by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

A

Exposure Index (EI)

62
Q

What is the target reference exposure obtained from a properly exposed image receptor

A

Target exposure index (EIT)

63
Q

A measure of the deviation of the EI from projection-specific EIT values

A

Deviation Index (DI)

64
Q

If you increase the signal, what happens to the noise, and what is the result

A

Noise decreases
Result is a better image

65
Q

What is any undesirable fluctuation in image brightness

A

Image noise

66
Q

What contributes to undesirable noise

A

The electronic components of digital imaging components

67
Q

What are histograms of luminance values used as a reference to evaluate the input intensities and assign predetermined grayscale values

A

Look up tables (LUTs)

68
Q

When were x-rays discovered?

A

November 8, 1895

69
Q

The curie is an expression of

A

Quantity of radioactive material

70
Q

X-ray examinations of the lower abdomen and pelvis of women in reproductive years should be limited to

A

The 10 days after the onset of menstruation

71
Q

What reduces leakage radiation to required standards

A

Protective housing

72
Q

Which component of the X-ray tube is responsible for concentrating the electron cloud

A

Focusing cup

73
Q

The x-ray tube is part of the x-ray circuit primary or secondary?

A

Secondary

74
Q

The intensity of the x-ray beam is less on what side?

A

Anode

75
Q

Causes of tube failure are most often related to what?

A

Thermal characteristics

76
Q

Which metal is added to the filament to increase thermionic emission and extend tube life?

A

Thorium

77
Q

A small anode target results in an (increase or decrease) in anode heel effect?

A

Increase

78
Q

(T/F) The purpose of the line focus principle is to create a small actual and large effective focal spot size

A

False
Large actual focal spot size
Small effective focal spot size

79
Q

What is momentum

A

Mass of an object multiplied by it velocity
p=mv
kg-m/s

80
Q

What is inertia or Newton’s first law of motion

A

An object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an external force

81
Q

(T/F) Objects in motion have the additional characteristic of momentum

A

True

82
Q

Equivalent SI to Standard
C/kg =
Gy =
Sv =
Bq =

A

Roentgen
Rad
Rem
Curie

83
Q

What is an ion pair?

A

An electron removed from an atom and the atom from which it came

84
Q

Tungsten button embedded in a copper rod

A

Stationary anode

85
Q

Disc made of molybdenum as a core material coated with tungsten and mounted on a copper shaft

A

Rotating anode

86
Q

What type of tube did Dr. Roentgen work with

A

Crooked cathode ray tube

87
Q

What type of radiation has enough energy to ionize atoms?

A

Ionizing radiation

88
Q

SI unit for radiation intensity in the air

A

C/kg

89
Q

SI unit of occupational exposure

A

Sievert

90
Q

What is the regulation limit for leakage radiation at a distance of 1 meter

A

Less than 100 mR/hr

91
Q

Range of exposure values to the receptor that produce an acceptable range of densities for the diagnostic purposes and are consistent with ALARA

A

Exposure latitude

92
Q

Range of exposure intensities that an IR can respond to and use to acquire image data

A

Dynamic range

93
Q

Part of the radiology department that stores images

A

Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS)

94
Q

Allows for the exchange of medical images and information among modalities

A

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)

95
Q

The term “tube loading” refers to what?

A

Heat energy creates in the x-ray tube

96
Q

To reduce the chance of excessive heat production and X-ray tube damage, modify the

A

Filament size

97
Q

What three factors has an influence on the heat capacity of an X-ray tube?

A

Anode rotation speed
Focal spot size
Exposure time

98
Q

The loss of visually distinct brightness levels from off-focus radiation within the primary beam is described best as?

A

Contrast

99
Q

The space charge effect limits the functional mA of the X-ray tube to about

A

1000 mA

100
Q

What characteristic of off-focus radiation results in a loss of structural sharpness in a radiographic image?

A

Off-focus radiation is out of alignment with the primary beam

101
Q

What two areas of an image should be shuttered?

A

Bright white
Collimator shadows

Rad105 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions