Immune SystemInfection Diseases Flashcards
Immune System: Introduction
Protects “Self” from “Non-Self”
-> Necessary for survival
Non-Self =
external or internal
Self =
Autoimmune Response
Complex cascade of events including biological factors:
foreign substance or pathogen
DPT -> S/Sx of infection & timing of infection
Antigen:
protein component of pathogen that elicits the immune response
Specialized cells:
lymphocytes and phagocytes for response to a foreign substance
Antibodies or immunoglobulins:
protein that destroy antigens
Tissue and Organs:
recognition and elimination of foreign pathogen
Immune System Dysfunction
Leads to illness and disease -> varying physiologic change, clinical expression, and functional deficits -> severity
Triggers for Autoimmune Attack:
stress
hormones
metals
food antigens
pesticides & poisons
Organs of the Immune System =
- tonsils and adenoids
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic vessels
- spleen
- thymus
- appendix
- bone marrow
- peyer’s patches
Immune system has two components with overlapping functions
Antigen-specific: Adaptive
Nonspecific: Innate
Nonspecific Immunity =
- response is antigen-independent
- immediate maximal response
- not antigen-specific
- exposure results in no immunologic memory
Specific Immunity =
- response is antigen-dependent
- lag time between exposure and maximal response
- antigen-specific
- exposure results in immunologic memory
Adaptive Immunity =
Antigen-Specific Response
Humoral =
Antibody Mediated = B cells
Cell-Mediated =
T cells
Cells of the Immune System:
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Granulocytic Cells
Monocytes =
Macrophage, Dendritic Cells
Lymphocytes =
B Cells & T Cells
Granulocytic Cells =
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells
All Cells of the Immune System are derived from ___
hematopoietic stem cells
> Differentiated by receptors, immunoglobulins, cell-surface proteins to facilitate cellular homing, activation and destruction of cells
> Distinct cytokine profiles
Innate immunity =
rapid response (hours)
mucous membranes & connective tissue
macrophage, natural killer cell, dendritic cell, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
Adaptive Immunity =
slow response (days)
blood stream & lymph nodes
B cell, T cell, CD4+, CD8+
Do both innate and adaptive immunity =
T Cell and Natural Killer T Cell
types of lymphocytes:
- B cell
- helper T cell
- cytotoxic T cell
- regulatory T cell
- natural killer cell
B cell =
- antigen on pathogens/ soluble antigen
- production of antibodies
effector functions:
> neutralization of pathogens
> phagocytes
> complement activation
helper T cell =
- antigen presented by professional APC
- secretion of cytokines
effector functions:
> activation of macrophages
> activation of other T and B cells
> inflammation
cytotoxic T cell =
- antigen presented by infected/malignant cells
effector function: elimination of infected/malignant cells
regulatory T cell =
- no antigen recognition function
effector function: regulate and/or suppress immune response
natural killer cell =
- self-antigen/foreign antigen on host cells
effector function: elimination of infected/malignant cells
Adaptive response:
Antibody-Mediated & Cell-Mediated
provides specificity and memory of previous antigen encounters (vaccinations)
Innate response:
generalized immune response includes epithelial barriers, mucociliary clearance, phagocytic cells, and complement proteins -> present antigens to antigen specific immune response
1st line of defense (innate)
1) skin
2) mucous membranes & secretions
3) normal flora