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Sem 3: Path 1 > Cell Injury and Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 minor types of adaptation?

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Dysplasia
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2
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decrease in size or number of cells

  • cells are not dead

** organ/tissue reached normal growth but then decreased in size

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3
Q

What are causes of atrophy?

A
  1. Decreased workload
  2. Denervation
  3. Decreased blood supply or oxygen
  4. Malnutrition
  5. Aging
  6. Loss of endocrine stimulation
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4
Q

What are examples of physiological atrophy?

A

Non lactating mammary gland

post partum uterus

  • they aren’t being used so it decreases size
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5
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

incomplete development or underdevelopment

** congenital condition

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6
Q

What is aplasia?

A

lack of development, organ or tissue doesn’t develop at all

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7
Q

What is hypotrophy? What is another name for hypotrophy?

A

Progressive loss of vitality of certain tissues or organs

Also called abiotrophy

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8
Q

What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

A
  1. Hypertrophic pregnant uterus
  2. Exercise/Increased workload

**normal, physiological increase in size of cells and organs

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9
Q

What are examples of physiologic hyperplasia?

A

Hormonal - mammary gland during pregnancy

Compensatory- hepatectomy
**liver cells replicate to form new liver tissue

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10
Q

What most commonly causes pathologic hyperplasia?

A

Excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation

Ex: Epidermal thickening - repeated irritation

Ex: Respiratory mucosa - in viral infections

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11
Q

What are examples of metaplasia?

A
  1. Chronic irritation in lungs (smoking)
  2. Vit-A deficiency
  3. Estrogen toxicity
  4. Mammary tumors

** seen on histo not GE

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12
Q

What are causes of cell injury?

A
  1. BacT, Fungi, Viruses (infectious agents)
  2. Hypoxia or anoxia
  3. Immune mediated diseases
  4. Genetics
  5. Aging
  6. Toxicity
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13
Q

What are the consequences of aortic thromboembolism in cats?

A

Anoxic damage to muscles of the hind limbs

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14
Q

What are the mechanisms for cell injury?

A
  1. Depletion of ATP
  2. Mitochondrial damage
  3. Entry of Ca+
  4. Oxidative stress ( increase in ROS)
  5. Membrane damage
  6. DNA and protein damage
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15
Q

What happens when there is ATP depletion?

A
  1. Failure of Na/K pump - salt stays inside cell and H20 follows causing CELL SWELLING
  2. Switch from aerobic to anaerobic glycolysis - makes lactic acid which makes acidic pH
  3. Detachment of ribosomes - decreased protein synthesis
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16
Q

What are the major consequences of mitochondrial injury?

A
  1. Forms mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) - leads to decreased ATP
  2. Production of ROS - released from mitochondria bc of altered membrane potential due to MPTP
  3. Activation of apoptosis - proteins leak out and cause cell death

leads to cell necrosis + cell death

17
Q

What happens when Ca homeostasis is lost?

A
  1. Opens MPTP
  2. Activates enzymes: phospholipases, proteases, endonucleases, ATPases

** both cause ATP depletion leading to cell injury

18
Q

The accumulation of Ca+ can cause these 3 major forms of cell damage:

A
  1. Membrane damage
  2. Nuclear damage
  3. ATP depletion
19
Q

What is a physiological example of when ROS are produced?

A

Normally produced during cellular respiration by mitochondria

** normally removed by scavenging mechanisms (Vit A and Vit E remove ROS)

20
Q

How can cell injury result from ROS?

A

Increased production causes oxidative stress and decreased scavenging

21
Q

What are normal ways the body removes/neutralizes ROS?

A

Antioxidants like Vitamin A + E and glutathione

22
Q

What are pathological sources of ROS?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Transition metals
  3. Nitric Oxide (NO)
  4. Absorption of radiant energy
23
Q

What is the result of ROS?

A
  1. Lipid peroxidation in membranes - membrane damage
  2. Oxidative modification of proteins
  3. DNA damage - Lesions in DNA
24
Q

Why do cells adapt?

A

To preserve function and viability

25
Q

________ is when there is an increase in the SIZE of cells, leading to increased tissue/organ size

A

Hypertrophy

26
Q

________ is more common in cells with little replication

A

hypertrophy

** increases in cell size bc it cant divide

Ex: cardiac and skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage, smooth muscle

27
Q

Give an example of concentric hypertrophy

A

cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension or aortic valve disease

  • thickening of muscle wall and small chamber
28
Q

Give an example of eccentric hypertrophy

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

  • thinning of wall and larger chamber
29
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the # of cells of an organ leading to increased size of the organ

** hypertrophy is increase in cell SIZE NOT NUMBER

30
Q

What cells readily become hyperplastic?

A

Labile cells - epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow

31
Q

What are examples of hyperplasia?

A
  1. Gingival hyperplasia
  2. Epidermal thickening from repeat infections
  3. Resp mucosa from viral infections
32
Q

When cell types change from cuboidal to squamous, this is an example of ___________

A

Metaplasia

33
Q

What term is mostly used in neoplastic processes?

A

Dysplasia

34
Q

What is an example of pathological hypoplasia?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia from Feline Pan Leuk virus (FIP)

35
Q

What is the most common cause of cell injury?

A

depletion of ATP

36
Q

What does the term ballooning refer to?

A

Acute swelling

Sem 3: Path 1 (9 decks)

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