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S2 Science > Food and Digestion > Flashcards

Food and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What can food substances be divided into?

A
  • Primary food substances
  • Protective food substances
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2
Q

What are the two main groups carbohydrates can be classified into?

A
  • Simple sugars
  • Complex sugars
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3
Q

What are simple sugars?

A

Simple sugars are the simple form of carbohydrates. They taste sweet and are soluble in water

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4
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A

Complex carbohydrates are the long chains that are joined by 4 - 600 simple sugars. They do not taste sweet and are insoluble in water.

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5
Q

What are the example of carbohydrates?

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
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6
Q

What is starch?

A

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants

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7
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

The storage of form of carbohydrates in animals

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8
Q

What is cellulose?

A

The main component of plant cell walls.

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9
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • The main energy source for the body ; each gram provides about 17.1 kJ of energy
  • If too many carbohydrates are consumed, the excess carbohydrates will be converted to glycogen or lipids. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles, and lipids are stored under the skin or around the internal organs
  • Cellulose is not digested in our body, but it is an important source of dietary fiber that keeps us healthy
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10
Q

What are lipids?

A
  • Lipids are insoluble in water
  • Lipids include fats and oils
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11
Q

What re the function of lipids?

A

-Lipids are a source of energy. Each gram of lipid provides 38.9kJ of energy

-Excess lipids will be stored under the skin as subcutaneous fat or around the inertial organs. They can act as food reserve, an insulator to reduce heat loss and a shock-absorber to protect the internal organs. Lipids are a major component of cell membrane

-Lipids are involved in transporting and storing fat-soluble vitamins in the body

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12
Q

What are the building blocks of protein?

A

Amino acids

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13
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A
  • Proteins are important for the growth and repair of body tissues. Almost all body structures, e.g. muscles and brain tissue, consist of proteins. Enzymes and antibodies are proteins.
  • If carbohydrates and lipids stored in the body are used up, proteins may be broken down to provide energy for the body. Each gram of protein provides about 18.2kJ of energy.
  • Excess animo acids in the body cannot be stored. They are broken down by the liver and then convert into urea, carbohydrates or lipids.
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14
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Vitamins are organic food substances needed in small amount. They have no energy value, but they help regulate many metabolic reaction.

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15
Q

How many types of vitamins are there?

A

There are 4 types of vitamins.

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16
Q

What are minerals?

A

Minerals are inorganic foos substances needed in small amounts. They have no energy value, but they help regulate many metabolic reactions and building body tissues. Our body needs various minerals.

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17
Q

What is dietary fibre?

A

Dietary fibre is an organic food substance. It contains mainly of cellulose from plant cell walls. Dietary fibers do not give us energy because we cannot digest it. Yet, it is essential to our health because it holds a lot of water to enable faeces to remain soft and thus the faeces can be passed out of the body more easily.

18
Q

What is the deficiency disease of dietary fibre?

A

A deficiency of dietary fibre may lead to constipation. Only plant foods contain dietary fibre.

19
Q

What is water?

A

Water is essential to life. Water has no energy value.

20
Q

What is the deficiency disease, symptom and source of vitamin A?

A

Symptom: Not able to see objects clearly at night

Deficiency disease: Night blindness

Source: Oily fish, carrots

21
Q

What is the symptom, deficiency disease and source of vitamin B?

A

Symptom: weakness and pain in the limbs

Deficiency disease: Beri-Beri

Source: Eggs and beans

22
Q

What is the symptom, deficiency disease and source of vitamin C?

A

Symptom: gum bleeding

Deficiency disease: Scurvy

Source: Oranges, lemons

23
Q

What is the symptom, deficiency disease and source of vitamin D?

A

Symptom: softening of the bones in children

Deficiency disease: Rickets

Source: Oily fish, milk

24
Q

What is the symptom, deficiency disease and source of iron?

A

Symptom: Not enough functional red blood cells

Deficiency disease: Anaemia

Source: Beef, spinach

25
Q

What is the symptom, deficiency disease and source of iron?

A

Symptom: not enough functional red blood cells

Deficiency disease: Anemia

Source: Beef, spinach

26
Q

What is the use of vitamin A?

A
  • Normal eyesight
  • Healthy skins
27
Q

What is the use of vitamin B?

A
  • Important for nervous and immune system
28
Q

What is the use of vitamin C?

A
  • Protects cells
  • Absorbs iron
29
Q

What is the use of vitamin D

A
  • Absorb calcium
  • Strong bones and teeth
30
Q

What does a balanced diet include?

A

A right amount and type of food in correct ratio

31
Q

What can food provide?

A

Food can provide energy and substances for us to grow and survive.

32
Q

What are the consequences of unbalanced diet?

A
  • Malnutrition (Energy intake &laquo_space;energy consumed)
  • Overweight (Energy intake»energy consumed)
33
Q

What are the things that might lead to heart disease and stroke?

A

Consume fatty meat with low fiber content in the diet

34
Q

What does heart disease cause?

A

Sudden heart attack can cause death

35
Q

What does stroke cause?

A

Blockage of blood vessels by cholesterol causes death of brain cells as they lack oxygen and nutrients

36
Q

What are the organs in the alimentary canal?

A
  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine (major site for food absorption)
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum (a part of large intestine)
37
Q

What are the functions of the mouth?

A
  • Teeth break food stuff physically into small pieces by chewing and grinding
  • saliva moistens the food for swallowing and contains digestive juice to help digest starch.
38
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The passage of food from mouth to stomach

39
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A
  • Contraction of stomach muscle churns food to paste
  • It secrets digestive juice to help digest proteins
40
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A
  • There are different kinds of digestive juices for digestion
  • It is a long with folding, increase surface area for absorption for nutrients
41
Q

What is large intestine for?

A

It absorbs the remaining water from the small intestine

42
Q

What is the rectum for?

A

The rectum is for storing fences temporarily

S2 Science (7 decks)

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