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botany 1411 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What cell type has thin primary external cell walls?

A

Parenchyma

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2
Q

What cell makes up the pith and the majority of the cortex?

A

Parenchyma

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3
Q

What cell type has unevenly thickened external cell walls?

A

Collenchyma

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4
Q

What cell supports parenchyma tissue?

A

Collenchyma

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5
Q

What cells are often found underneath the epidermis in secondary growth eusteles?

A

Collenchyma

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6
Q

What cell type has the thickest external cell walls?

A

Sclerenchyma

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7
Q

What cells support the vascular bundles and are located above the phloem?

A

Sclerenchyma

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8
Q

What 3 cell types are dead at maturity?

A

Sclerenchyma, Vessels, and Tracheids

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9
Q

What plants have tracheids?

A

All vascular plants

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10
Q

What are the holes that allow for horizontal water transport in tracheids and vessels called?

A

Pits

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11
Q

What type of plants are vessels found in?

A

Angiosperms

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12
Q

What vascular cell type transports water

A

Xylem

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13
Q

What vascular cell type transports photosynthetic compounds (glucose)?

A

Phloem

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14
Q

What cells are living at maturity, but rely on companion cells for nutrients?

A

Sieve elements

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15
Q

What sieve element is found in gymnosperms?

A

Sieve cells

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16
Q

What sieve element is found in angiosperms?

A

Sieve tubes

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17
Q

What is the only non-living biological level?

A

Chemical

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18
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of life?

A

Cell

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19
Q

What cell type does not have a nucleus or organelles except for ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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20
Q

What cell type has a nucleus and organelles?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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21
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells that perform a certain function

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22
Q

Organ

A

Structure composed of 2 or more tissues carrying out a specific function.

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23
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs that carry out a specific function.

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24
Q

What is the smallest unit of evolution?

A

Population

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25
Q

What is the group of individuals part of a species in an ecosystem called?

A

Population

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26
Q

Communitiy

A

All the different species groups living in an environment.

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27
Q

Ecosystem

A

All species groups and non-living factors (wind, rain, weather, rocks) in an environment.

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28
Q

Biosphere

A

All environments on earth.

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29
Q

(4) Evidence for evolution

A

Fossils, Homologous characteristics (occur in many species groups) and Convergent evolution, Vestigial organs, and molecular relationships (Chloroplast DNA, cytochrome C)

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30
Q

Plant parts named from fossils individually before described as a species.

A

Form Fossil

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31
Q

(2) Markers in DNA that can help tell how closely related species are.

A

Chloroplast DNA, Cytochrome C.

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32
Q

Sharp thin modified leaves

A

Spines

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33
Q

Sharp thin modified branches

A

Thorns

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34
Q

Protrusions made of modified epidermal layer

A

Prickles

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35
Q

Trendrils

A

Used for support, can be derived from leaves or branches

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36
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The theory that the components in the membrane (phospholipids, proteins, sterols, and glycoprotein) move laterally across the membrane.

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37
Q

Hydrophobic components of the membrane oriented towards the center.

A

Membrane fatty acids

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38
Q

Fatty acid that does not have any double bonds, making it straight and pack tightly together.

A

Saturated fatty acids

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39
Q

Fatty acid that makes the bilayer less fluid

A

Saturated fatty acids

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40
Q

Fatty acid that has at least one double bond, making it bend and pack less tightly together.

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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41
Q

Fatty acid that makes the bilayer more fluid

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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42
Q

External Peripheral Proteins

A

Membrane proteins on the outside, exposed to the environment, and form receptors.

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43
Q

Internal Peripheral Proteins

A

Membrane proteins inside the bilayer, exposed to cytoplasm, and serve as enzyme reaction sites.

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44
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Membrane proteins connecting the two sides of the bilayer. Form channels and carriers, transport molecules across the membrane, and make the membrane selectively permeable.

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45
Q

Membrane components that maintain fluidity. Making it more fluid at colder temperatures and less fluid at hot temperatures.

A

Sterols

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46
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Protein receptors on the outside of the membrane

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47
Q

(4) Factors contributing to membrane permeability

A

Size of molecule, lipid solubility, charge on molecule, presence of specific membrane channels.

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48
Q

Site of ribosomal RNA production in nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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49
Q

Organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA, Histone proteins)

A

Nucleus

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50
Q

Site of protein synthesis in all cells

A

Ribosome

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51
Q

What proteins do ribosomes in the cytoplasm produce?

A

Immediately active proteins such as enzymes

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52
Q

What proteins do ribosomes attached to the rough ER produce?

A

Proteins that require modification like membrane proteins and organelle proteins

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53
Q

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes on the surface, while smooth ER has no ribosomes has Ca++ storage, and preforms lipis synthesis.

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54
Q

What organelle modifies, synthesizes, sorts, and packages materials in vesicles for intercellular transport?

A

Dictyosomes

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55
Q

What moves substances from organelle to organelle and to and from the cell membrane?

A

Transport Vesicles

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56
Q

What vesicle contains digestive enzymes?

A

Lysosomes

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57
Q

What vesicle stores catalase enzymes, converts H2O2 to H2O and O2?

A

Peroxisomes

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58
Q

What vesicle prevents free radical formation of H2O?

A

Peroxisomes

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59
Q

What vesicle is only found in plant seeds and contains enzymes that converts stored fat to sucrose?

A

Glyoxysomes

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60
Q

Primary site of ATP synthesis in the cell

A

Mitochondria

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61
Q

What organelle is double membrane bound with the outer membrane being smooth, and the inner membrane being highly folded (cristae)?

A

Mitochondria

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62
Q

What 2 organelles contain their own DNA and are thought to have formed by endosymbiosis?

A

Plastids including Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria

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63
Q

Protein network extending throughout the cytoplasm, maintains cell shape, supports organelles, and transports materials inside the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

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64
Q

What are the main 2 functions of the central vacuole?

A

Controls water pressure in the cell and contributes to an increase in cell size

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65
Q

Membrane of the central vacuole

A

Tonoplast

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66
Q

What is the liquid in the central vacuole called?

A

Cell Sap

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67
Q

What is cell sap made of?

A

Water with dissolved substances, ions, anthocyanins (red, blue, or purple pigments), alkaloids (toxic secondary compounds), and crystals.

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68
Q

Undifferentiated plastids

A

Proplastids

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69
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

70
Q

Where is chlorophyll located in the chloroplast?

A

In the grana stacks, made up of thylakoids

71
Q

What plastid contains pigments which overwhelm the green from chloroplasts?

A

Chromoplasts

72
Q

What is the function of chromoplasts?

A

To attract animals for pollination and seed dispersal

73
Q

What are chromoplasts formed from?

A

Chloroplasts

74
Q

What is the least specialized plastid that synthesizes some lipids and stores iron

A

Leucoplasts

75
Q

What plastid produces and stores starch?

A

Amyloplasts

76
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cell wall?

A

To protect the cell from the environment, provide rigidity and shape to the cell, and prevents cell damage from increases in water pressure.

77
Q

What is the main component of the cell wall?

A

Cellulose

78
Q

How is cellulose organized?

A

Cellulose fibers make up microfibrils, which make up macrofibrils.

79
Q

What forms between the primary external walls of 2 different cells, adhering them together?

A

Middle Lamella

80
Q

What makes the middle lamella sticky?

A

Pectin

81
Q

What is the outermost layer of the cell found in all plants?

A

Primary External Cell Wall

82
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

Thickest layer, formed after cell is mature during secondary growth

83
Q

Openings in the external cell wall

A

Pits

84
Q

Cytoplasm strands that go through pits and connect cells

A

Plasmodesmata

85
Q

When all cells are linked together by cytoplasm

A

Symplast

86
Q

Materials move cell to cell throughout the plant body, and all cells effectively respond as one

A

Symplastic movement

87
Q

Materials move through the plant body outside of cytoplasm and around cells in intercellular spaces

A

Apoplastic movement

88
Q

Flowering plants

A

Angiosperms

89
Q

Cone producing plants

A

Gymnosperms

90
Q

What are the 5 parts of an angiosperm plant?

A

Root, stem, leaves, meristems, and flowers

91
Q

Where do leaves, branches and flowers attach to the stem?

A

Node

92
Q

What is the region in between nodes called?

A

Internode

93
Q

Leaf Axil

A

The angle between the stem and a branch

94
Q

Where do buds form?

A

In the leaf axil

95
Q

Group of cells that perform a certain function

A

Tissue

96
Q

Structure composed of 2 or more tissues carrying out a specific function.

A

Organ

97
Q

A group of organs that carry out a specific function.

A

Organ System

98
Q

Population

A

What is the group of individuals part of a species in an ecosystem called?

99
Q

All the different species groups living in an environment.

A

Communitiy

100
Q

All species groups and non-living factors (wind, rain, weather, rocks) in an environment.

A

Ecosystem

101
Q

All environments on earth.

A

Biosphere

102
Q

Form Fossil

A

Plant parts named from fossils individually before described as a species.

103
Q

Chloroplast DNA, Cytochrome C.

A

(2) Markers in DNA that can help tell how closely related species are.

104
Q

Spines

A

Sharp thin modified leaves

105
Q

Thorns

A

Sharp thin modified branches

106
Q

Prickles

A

Protrusions made of modified epidermal layer

107
Q

Used for support, can be derived from leaves or branches

A

Trendrils

108
Q

Membrane proteins on the outside, exposed to the environment, and form receptors.

A

External Peripheral Proteins

109
Q

Membrane proteins inside the bilayer, exposed to cytoplasm, and serve as enzyme reaction sites.

A

Internal Peripheral Proteins

110
Q

Membrane proteins connecting the two sides of the bilayer. Form channels and carriers, transport molecules across the membrane, and make the membrane selectively permeable.

A

Integral Proteins

111
Q

Sterols

A

Membrane components that maintain fluidity. Making it more fluid at colder temperatures and less fluid at hot temperatures.

112
Q

Protein receptors on the outside of the membrane

A

Glycocalyx

113
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosomal RNA production in nucleus

114
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA, Histone proteins)

115
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis in all cells

116
Q

Mitochondria

A

Primary site of ATP synthesis in the cell

117
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Protein network extending throughout the cytoplasm, maintains cell shape, supports organelles, and transports materials inside the cell

118
Q

Tonoplast

A

Membrane of the central vacuole

119
Q

Proplastids

A

Undifferentiated plastids

120
Q

Site of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

121
Q

Primary External Cell Wall

A

What is the outermost layer of the cell found in all plants?

122
Q

Thickest layer, formed after cell is mature during secondary growth

A

Secondary Cell Wall

123
Q

Pits

A

Openings in the external cell wall

124
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cytoplasm strands that go through pits and connect cells

125
Q

Symplast

A

When all cells are linked together by cytoplasm

126
Q

Symplastic movement

A

Materials move cell to cell throughout the plant body, and all cells effectively respond as one

127
Q

Apoplastic movement

A

Materials move through the plant body outside of cytoplasm and around cells in intercellular spaces

128
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

129
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Cone producing plants

130
Q

The angle between the stem and a branch

A

Leaf Axil

131
Q

What is the primary gas exchange organ in plants?

A

Leaves

132
Q

Openings that can open and close, and control gas exchange, water in leaves, and leaf temperature

A

Stomata

133
Q

Stomata

A

Openings that can open and close, and control gas exchange, water in leaves, and leaf temperature

134
Q

What helps to prevent water loss in leaves

A

Cuticle

135
Q

What is the waxy substance that covers the epidermis

A

Cuticle

136
Q

What meristem is located on the end of branches, stems, and roots to lengthen the plant body?

A

Primary Apical Meristem

137
Q

What meristem is located in the stem and increases the width of the plant body?

A

Lateral Meristem (Procambium)

138
Q

What cambium is located inside the vascular bundles?

A

Fascicular Cambium

139
Q

What cambium is located in between the vascular bundles in plants with some secondary growth?

A

Interfascicular Cambium

140
Q

What did tracheids evolve from?

A

Sclerenchyma

141
Q

What did vessels evolve from?

A

Tracheids

142
Q

What are the end to end openings in vessels called?

A

Perforation plates

143
Q

When do perforation plates form?

A

When the vessel deteriorates at maturity

144
Q

What are the main cells in phloem?

A

Sieve elements

145
Q

What xylem thickening is composed of rings?

A

Annular

146
Q

What thickening is a spiral?

A

Helical

147
Q

What thickening is composed of thin horizontal openings?

A

Scalariform

148
Q

What thickening is net-like?

A

Reticulate

149
Q

What thickening is composed of circular holes?

A

Foraminate (Pitted)

150
Q

What thickening is composed of doughnut shaped rings?

A

circular bordered

151
Q

What are the little hair-like extensions of the epidermis called?

A

Trichomes

152
Q

What are some purposes of trichomes? (2)

A

Shade the leaf, contain defensive compounds to prevent walking on the leaf or chewing on the leaf.

153
Q

Tuber

A

Underground storage stem (starch)

154
Q

Bulb

A

Short stem with fleshy storage leaves, roots arise at the base of the stem.

155
Q

Corm

A

Thick underground storage stem with papery leaves

156
Q

Rhizome

A

Fleshy horizontal underground stem, helps plant spread laterally

157
Q

Underground storage stem (starch)

A

Tuber

158
Q

Short stem with fleshy storage leaves, roots arise at the base of the stem.

A

Bulb

159
Q

Thick underground storage stem with papery leaves

A

Corm

160
Q

Fleshy horizontal underground stem, helps plant spread laterally

A

Rhizome

161
Q

Haplostele (extinct prostele)

A

Solid cylinder of xylem, no pith

162
Q

Actinostele (prostele)

A

Solid xylem with ridges, no pith

163
Q

Siphonostele

A

Ring of xylem with pith in the center

164
Q

Eustele

A

Ring of vascular bundles

165
Q

Atactostele

A

Scattered vascular bundles

166
Q

Solid cylinder of xylem, no pith

A

Haplostele (extinct prostele)

167
Q

Solid xylem with ridges, no pith

A

Actinostele (prostele)

168
Q

Ring of xylem with pith in the center

A

Siphonostele

169
Q

Ring of vascular bundles

A

Eustele

170
Q

Scattered vascular bundles

A

Atactostele

botany 1411 (3 decks)

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