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VET YEAR ONE > ANATOMY (Development of MSK System) > Flashcards

ANATOMY (Development of MSK System) Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal system (MSK) consists of:

A

-bones
-cartilage
-muscles
-ligaments
-tendons

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2
Q

Main functions of MSK:

A

-support the body
-provision of motion
-protection of vital organs (brain, viscera)
-main storage system for calcium and phosphorus

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3
Q

Early germ layer derivatives:

A

-particular pole of the blastocyst differentiates into embryonic disc (epiblast)
>beginning of gastrulation

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4
Q

3 germ layers:

A

-ectoderm: epiblast, blue, ex. skin
-mesoderm: cells that enter, orange/red, ex. muscle
-endoderm: cells on bottom, yellow, ex. GI system

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5
Q

Somitogenesis:

A

-development of somites
-each somite differentiates into three components
>scleratome
>dermamyotome

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6
Q

Scleratome:

A

-part of each somite in a vertebrate embryo giving rise to bone or other skeletal tissues
-‘loose cells’

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7
Q

Dermamyotome:

A

-dermatome
-myotome

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8
Q

Neural crest cells:

A

-in cross-sections of the fusing neural folds into the neural tube
-cells at the crest of the folds begin to detach

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9
Q

Osteogenesis requires mesenchyme:

A

-derived from various parts
>scleratomal part of somites
>lateral plate
>ectodermal neural crest

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10
Q

Mesenchyme:

A

-star shaped cells that form the bulk of interstitial
-‘glue’
-surrounds the cells and helps anchor them
-can develop into a variety of cells

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11
Q

Scleratomal part of somites (mesenchyme):

A

-gives rise to segmented axial column
>vertebral column
>ribs
>sternum

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12
Q

Lateral plate (mesenchyme):

A

-gives rise to appendicular skeleton
>limbs and respective girdles

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13
Q

Ectodermal neural crest (mesenchyme):

A

-gives rise to facial bones and bones that cover the brain

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14
Q

Gross observation of bone:

A

-compact bone
-cancellous or spongy bone
*both have same histological components
*both have two types of organization

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15
Q

Compact bone:

A

-dense areas without cavities
-80% of bone mass

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16
Q

Cancellous or spongy bone:

A

-areas of bone (struts or rods) with interconnecting cavities
-20% of bone mass

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17
Q

2 types of bong organization:

A

-during development: woven bone
-in adults: lamellar bone

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18
Q

During development: bone organization

A

-primarily, immature or woven bone
-randomly arranged matrix components (ex. cells, collagen)

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19
Q

In adults: bone organization

A

-secondary, mature or lamellar bone is present
-discrete sheets or layers of matrix

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20
Q

Intramembranous or desmal ossification:

A

-direct conversion of mesenchymal cells into bone
Ex. blastema

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21
Q

Blastema example:

A

-skull neural-crest derived mesenchymal cells divide and then coalesce into compact groups or aggregates

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22
Q

Osteoblast formation:

A

-some mesenchymal cells develop into osteoblasts

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23
Q

Osteoblast function:

A

-secrete osteoid
-become osteocytes

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24
Q

Osteoid:

A

-an extracellular matrix of collagen and proteoglycan that bind calcium
>become calcified

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25
Q

Osteocytes:

A

-when osteoblasts are surrounded by calcified osteoid

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26
Q

Periosteum:

A

-formed by compact layers of mesenchymal cells
-a membrane of cells that surround bone

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27
Q

Developing bone becomes:

A

-vascularized
-collagen fibers disorganized
-periosteum surrounding both sides
-many osteocytes
*woven bone
>will then get reorganized on outer edges

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28
Q

Endochondral bone formation:

A

-involves mesenchymal cells first differentiating into cartilage then later replacing it with bone
Ex. long bones

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29
Q

Endochondral bone found in:

A

-vertebral column
-ribs
-pelvis
-limbs

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30
Q

Long bone formation:

A
  1. Cartilage model or framework
  2. Matrix begins to calcify
  3. Periosteal/osteogenic bud
  4. Secondary ossification centre
  5. Cartilage continues in two regions (in epiphyses)
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31
Q

Cartilage model or framework

A

-formed and then the bone collar develops in local perichondrium (via local intramembranous bone formation)

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32
Q

Bone collar:

A

-hollow bone cylinder
-periosteum

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33
Q

Matrix begins to calcify:

A

-in middle of cartilage framework (diaphysis), chondrocytes hypertrophy
>begin to produce matrix, degenerate and matrix begins to calcify

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34
Q

Periosteal/osteogenic bud:

A

-capillaries
-osteoprogenitor cells (form osteoblasts)
-mesenchymal cells
*invades they hypertrophied cartilage
>bud grows and lays down compact bone in shaft=primary ossification center is produced

35
Q

Secondary ossification centre:

A

-develops at each end of the cartilage framework called epiphysis

36
Q

Cartilage continues in two regions:

A

-articular cartilage
-epiphyseal cartilage

37
Q

Vertebral column:

A

-notochord
-vertebrae

38
Q

Notochord:

A

-induces surrounding mesenchyme to secrete epimorphin
-coalesce and differentiate into cartilage

39
Q

Epimorphin:

A

-secreted from mesenchyme
-a chemoattractant for scleratomal cells to move around notochord and neural tube

40
Q

Scleratome cells form vertebra:

A

-split into populations
>loosely packed cranial segment
>densely packed caudal segment

41
Q

Vertebral development:

A

-occurs through process of re-segmentation

42
Q

Re-segmentation:

A

-caudal half of one sclerotome joins with cranial half of the next to form the centrum or body of vertebrae
-enables motor neurons to grow out laterally and innervate newly forming muscles form myotome

43
Q

Vertebral ossification:

A

-endochondral ossification
>from centres of the vertebral body and arches

44
Q

Ribs:

A

-arise from segmental sclerotome-derived mesenchymal condensations beside thoracic vertebrae

45
Q

3D coordinate system of the limb:

A

-need positional information to construct the limb
>proximal-distal
>anterior-posterior
>dorsal-ventral

46
Q

Limb field:

A

-all cells in an area that can form a limb on their own

47
Q

Limb development starts when:

A

-mesenchyme cells migrate from the limb fields in the:
>lateral plate mesoderm (limb skeletal precursors)
>somites (limb muscle precursors)

48
Q

Limb extends due to:

A

-signalling in AER
>*gradients of retinoic acid and FGFs occur

49
Q

FGFs:

A

-fibroblast growth factors

50
Q

Gradients of retinoic acid and FGFs:

A

-stimulate the regional expression of Hox genes and the patern of the limb
>stylopod
>zeugopod
>autopod

51
Q

Stylopod:

A

-humerus/femur

52
Q

Zeugopod:

A

-radius/ulna
-tibia/fibula

53
Q

Autopod:

A

-carpals/fingers
-tarsals/toes

54
Q

Dermatome:

A

-forms dermis of skin

55
Q

Myotome:

A

-will produce precursor myoblast cells that will give rise to Epaxial and Hypaxial muscles

56
Q

Epaxial muscles:

A

-intercostal
-deep muscles of back

57
Q

Hypaxial muscles:

A

-body wall
-limbs
-tongue

58
Q

Canals within cartilage:

A

-form from the perichondrium around the region
>contain venules, arterioles and nerve fibers
*osteogenic cells supplied

59
Q

Cartilage canals from the perichondrium:

A

-supply the osteogenic cells to the area
*long bone epiphyseal cartilage
*prepubertal period

60
Q

Epiphyseal cartilage: prepubertal period 5 zones

A
  1. Resting zone
  2. Proliferative zone
  3. Hypertrophic zone
  4. Resorption zone
  5. Ossification zone
61
Q

Resting zone:

A

-non-proliferative chondrocytes
-stem cell population

62
Q

Proliferative zone:

A

-stacked columns of chondrocytes that divide

63
Q

Hypertrophic zone:

A

-containing large chondrocytes

64
Q

Resorption zone:

A

-dying chondrocytes
-resorption/calcification of cartilage matrix

65
Q

Ossification zone:

A

-new bone tissue formed by osteoblasts
>produce osteoid over remnants of calcified cartilaginous matrix which will become ossified

66
Q

Adult bones:

A

-Haversian canal
-osteon
-Volkmann’s canals
-lacunae with canaliculi

67
Q

Haversian canal:

A

-collagen fibres in parallel or concentrically around vascular canal
>interstitial lamellae

68
Q

Osteon:

A

-whole complex of lamellae with canal contain blood vessels and nerves

69
Q

Volkmann’s canals:

A

-connect Haversian canals

70
Q

Lacunae with canaliculi:

A

-between lamellae
-connect to Haversian canal
>nutrition and communication
*contain osteocytes

71
Q

Lacunae with osteocytes:

A

-want to keep osteocytes as near to capillaries as possible

72
Q

Cortical compact bone remodelling

A
  1. Starts at leading edge (cutting edge)
  2. Reversal zone
  3. Closing zone
73
Q

Cutting edge:

A

-where cortical compact bone remodelling starts
-where the osteoclasts break down existing bone

74
Q

Reversal zone:

A

-switch from resorption to formation of new bone begins involving osteoblasts

75
Q

Closing zone:

A

-where osteoblasts build new lamellae

76
Q

Spongy bone remodelling:

A

-osteoclasts work on endosteal surface to break down matrix
-osteoblasts form endosteal surface then add more bone on same or opposite regions

77
Q

Fracture leads to:

A

-blood clots
-osteocytes die on each side of fracture

78
Q

Fracture repair:

A

-callus needs to form
-osteogenic cells
-new osteons laid down
-original structure restored

79
Q

Callus needs to form:

A

-periosteal and endosteal cells
-internal and external callus

80
Q

Internal callus:

A

-between opposing sides of fracture

81
Q

External callus:

A

-around outer broken surface if ends move (other only internal callus)

82
Q

Osteogenic cells near blood supply (fracture repair):

A

-form bone directly

83
Q

Osteogenic cells away from blood supply (fracture repair):

A

-form cartilage first, then remodel to bone
*osteogenic cells/capillaries from living bone can invade any dead bone with help of osteoclasts

VET YEAR ONE (108 decks)

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