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cell bio > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean for a molecule to be hydrophilic/Lipophobic?

A

Water loving, polar molecule

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2
Q

What does it mean for a molecule to be hydrophobic/lipophilic?

A

Water fearing, nonpolar

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3
Q

What kind of molecule/structure are phospholipids? (Hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic)

A

Amphipathic- hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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4
Q

What common lipids are “simple”?

A

Saturated FA, Unsaturated FA, glycerides (MAG, DAG, TAG), and neutral fats

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5
Q

What common lipids are “complex”?

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins, and sphingolipids/sphingoglycolipids

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6
Q

What common lipids are “derived”?

A

Steroids, Eicosanoids, and Fat soluble vitamins

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7
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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8
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

Fatty acids

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9
Q

How are fatty acids transported to tissue?

A

Fatty acids are transported via albumin

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10
Q

What are the hormone precursors?

A

Prostaglandins

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11
Q

What is the main storage/energy reserve for fatty acids?

A

TAGs stored in white adipose tissue

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12
Q

How are free fatty acids transported in blood?

A

Albumin

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13
Q

More than 90% of fatty acids found in plasma are found in what form?

A

Fatty acid esters (primarily TAG, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids)

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14
Q

What fats have double bonds?

A

Unsaturated

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15
Q

What types of fat play an important role in the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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16
Q

If additional double bonds were added to the structure, what happens to the melting point?

A

The melting point would decrease

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17
Q

In terms of nomenclature what is C1 considered?

A

Carbonyl carbon

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18
Q

Carbon 2 is also known as what? What is it attached to?

A

Alpha-Carbon, attaches to carboxyl group

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19
Q

Carbon 3 is the….

A

Beta-Carbon

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20
Q

Carbon 4 is the…

A

Gamma-Carbon (y-carbon)

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21
Q

What is w-carbon (omega-carbon) attached to?

A

A methyl group

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22
Q

Double bonds in a fatty acid can also be named using what as reference?

A

w-carbon

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23
Q

Arachidonic acid can also be referred to as what? Why?

A

w-6 fatty acid, because the first double bond is 6 carbons from the omega(w) end.

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24
Q

Where can VLCFA be found?

A

In the brain

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25
Q

What is the precursor for arachidonic acid?

A

Linoleic acid

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26
Q

Linoleic acid is also known as what acid?

A

w-6 fatty acid

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27
Q

Linoleic acid is the substrate for what synthesis?

A

Eicosanoids

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28
Q

alpha-Linoleic acid is also known as what?

A

w-3 fatty acid

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29
Q

What are alpha-linoleic acids important for?

A

Growth and development

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30
Q

What fatty acids are liquid at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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31
Q

What fatty acids are solid at room temperature?

A

Saturated fatty acids

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32
Q

Both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids are composed of what?

A

TAG

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33
Q

Does cis-formation have a high or low melting point? Explain.

A

Low melting point because it has higher energy, it’s more polar and less symmetric, so it is less tightly packed making it easier to break down.

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34
Q

Does trans-formation have a high or low melting point? Explain.

A

High melting point because it is lower energy, less polar, more symmetric therefore more tightly packed making it harder to break down.

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35
Q

Consumption of what fats shows elevated risk for coronary artery disease?

A

Trans fats

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36
Q

What do trans fats do to LDL and HDL cholesterol?

A

Increases LDL (bad cholesterol) and decreases HDL (good cholesterol)

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37
Q

What makes phospholipids amphipathic?

A

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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38
Q

What is the backbone in phospholipids?

A

Glycerol

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39
Q

What are the main lipids of of cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids

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40
Q

True or false
Membrane phospholipids are important in lung sulfactants and detergents such as bile

A

False - non-membrane phospholipids

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41
Q

What are the two classes of phospholipids that are essential for membranes and cell signaling?

A

Glycerophospholipids and Sphingophospholipids

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42
Q

What is the main sphingophospholipid?

A

Sphingomyelin

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43
Q

What is sphingomyelin important for?

A

Myelin sheath for nerves

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44
Q

Cardiolipin is a component of what portion of the mitochondria?

A

Inner membrane

45
Q

What cells can NOT synthesize phospholipids?

A

Erythrocytes

46
Q

What are synthesized from cell cystolic precursors (fatty acetyl coA and glycerol 3 phosphate)?

A

Glycerophospholipids

47
Q

Where does synthesis of phospholipids occur?

A

Smooth ER

48
Q

What converts phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol?

A

Phosphatase

49
Q

Where are phospholipases found?

A

Toxins and venoms, all tissues and pancreatic juice

50
Q

Many pathogenic bacteria produce these enzymes to dissolve cell membranes and facilitate infection.

A

Phospholipases

51
Q

Glycosphinglolipids contain carbohydrates and are derived from what?

A

Ceramides (LCFA attached to sphingosine)

52
Q

Unlike phospholipids, glycosphingolipids do not contain what?

A

Phosphate

53
Q

Where are glycosphingolipids found in the highest concentration?

A

Nerve tissue

54
Q

Glycosphingolipids are important for regulation of?

A

Growth and development

55
Q

What blood type has neither GalNac or Gal?

A

Blood type O

56
Q

What blood type has a terminal sugar on GalNac?

A

Blood type A

57
Q

What blood type has a terminal sugar on the gal?

A

Blood type B

58
Q

What roles do Eicosanoids play?

A

-Gastric integrity
-renal function
-Smooth muscle contraction
-blood vessel diameter
-Platelet homeostasis
-Inflammation response

59
Q

What mediates the biologic actions of Eicosanoids?

A

Plasma membrane G-protein coupled receptors

60
Q

What are the three main Eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes

61
Q

Cholesterol is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

62
Q

What lipid consists of 4 fused hydrocarbon rings?

A

Cholesterol

63
Q

True or False
Cholesterol can only be taken in through diet.

A

False. Diet AND synthesized in the body

64
Q

What is the structural component of all cell membranes (modulating fluidity)?

A

Cholesterol

65
Q

Most plasma cholesterol is in what form?

A

Esterfied form

66
Q

Because cholesteryl esters are more hydrophobic than cholesterol what do they need for transport?

A

Lipoproteins

67
Q

What is the structural component of cell membranes and lipoproteins?

A

Cholesterol

68
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor to what 3 things?

A

Bile acid
Steroid hormones
Vitamin D

69
Q

What is the center of control for cholesterol homeostasis?

A

Liver

70
Q

Because of hydrophobicity what must cholesterol be attached to?

A

Plasma proteins (i.e albumin)

71
Q

What are the plasma lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL lipoproteins

72
Q

Where do abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism generally occur?

A

Site of production or site of destruction (utilization)

73
Q

What is the precursor for cardiolipin?

A

Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

74
Q

What is the cardiolipin a component of and what is important for?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane, relevant for maintenance of the ETC complexes.

75
Q

What do PAF’s do?

A

Activate inflammatory cells, platelet aggregation, hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions

76
Q

What are the only cells that can not synthesize phospholipids?

A

Erythrocytes

77
Q

Glycosphingolipids contain carbohydrate and are derivatives of what?

A

Ceramides

78
Q

Where are VLDL’s produced?

A

Liver

79
Q

What are VLDL’s predominantly composed of and what are their function?

A

They are composed of endogenous TAG, functioning to carry lipids from the liver to the peripheral tissues where TAG is then degraded.

80
Q

LDL have high concentrations of what?

A

Cholesterol and cholesteryl esters

81
Q

What is the function of LDL?

A

To deliver cholesterol to the peripheral tissues, or return it to the liver.

82
Q

What is the function of HDL?

A

It delivers cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver to be eliminated from the body.

83
Q

What enzyme is important for lipid digestion in infants?

A

Acid lipases

84
Q

What is the main organ for synthesis and secretion of lipase?

A

Pancreas

85
Q

Where are bile salts synthesized and stored?

A

Synthesized in the liver, stored in the gall bladder

86
Q

Bile salts are amphipathic derivatives of what?

A

Cholesterol

87
Q

TAG is hydrolyzed by what enzymes?

A

Pancreatic lipase and co-lipase

88
Q

Cholesteryl ester (CE) is hydrolyzed by what enzyme?

A

Cholesterol esterase

89
Q

Pancreatic juice is rich in what enzyme?

A

Phospholipases

90
Q

The end products of hydrolytic lipid digestion combine with bile salts to form what?

A

Mixed Micelles

91
Q

Micelles are directly absorbed from what?

A

Enterocytes

92
Q

What fatty acids are taken directly by the enterocyte membrane without the aid of the mixed micelle?

A

Short and medium chain

93
Q

Mixed micelles are formed from what?

A

Bile salts and lipid soluble vitamins (ADEK)

94
Q

Lipoprotein for lipid transport

A

Chylomicron

95
Q

Re-esterified lipids, cholesterol, and protein are packed into the Golgi Apparatus into what structure?

A

Chylomicron

96
Q

CCK stimulates what?

A

Secretin

97
Q

What gets bile from the gall bladder for excretion?

A

CCK

98
Q

Does CCK decrease or increase GI motility? Why?

A

Decreases GI motility to allow for more time for digestion.

99
Q

What cells produce CCK?

A

I-cells

100
Q

What cells produce Secretin?

A

S-cells

101
Q

List the 3 precursors for Gluconeogenesis

A
  1. Amino acids
  2. Glycerol
  3. Lactate
102
Q

What converts lactate to pyruvate in the Cori cycle?

A

LDH

103
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in Glycogenesis?

A
  1. Glycogenin primes
  2. Glycogen synthesis adds to chain
  3. Branching enzymes create the double bonds
104
Q

What does insulin do to glycogenesis and glycogenolysis?

A

It stimulates glycogenesis and inhibits glycogenolysis

105
Q

Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic because it is increasing glucogenesis

106
Q

Glucagon does what to glycogenesis and glycogenolysis?

A

Stimulates glycogenolysis and inhibits glycogenesis

107
Q

Is glucagon anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic because it is breaking things down.

108
Q

What does glycogenesis create?

A

Glycogen

109
Q

What does glycogenolysis do?

A

Breaks down glycogen

cell bio (8 decks)

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