Connective Tissue Flashcards
The cells of connective tissue are quite ___ and can be either fixed in place or ___ throughout the tissue
Varied
Wonder
In connective tissue, the ___ ____ plays a more prominent role than other types of tissues
Extra cellular matrix
The connective tissue functions are:
Support, connection, and protection
Connective tissue can provide ____ support to cells that do not have blood flow
Metabolic
Connective tissue ____ supports the functional paranchyma of most organs
Stroma
___ = cells + extracellular matrix
Tissue
The extra cellular matrix is composed of three different fibers:
Collagen, reticular, and elastic
The extracellular matrix is also composed of a ground substance containing:
Proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
Connective tissue proper is divided into ___ connective tissue or ____ connective tissue
Dense
Loose
Dense, connective tissue can be ___ or ____
Regular
Irregular
Loose connective tissue can be ____, ____, or ___
Reticular
Adipose
Areolar
Embryonic connective tissue is called ____. ___ ____ ___ is found in the umbilical cord.
Mesenchyme
Mucus connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue include:
(Focused on in later lectures)
Cartilage, bone, blood
This shows:
Dense regular connective tissue
____ ____ shows the elastic fibers in connective tissue
Verhoeff’s stain
Dense connective tissue is found in ___ and ___
Ligaments
Tendons
This is showing:
Dense, irregular connective tissue
The cells in dense irregular connective tissue are mostly ____. Locations of this tissue are the ___ of the skin, ____ of organs, and _____ layer of digestive tract
Fibroblasts
Dermis
Capsules
Submucosal
The cells of dense regular connective tissue are mostly ___ , similar to dense, irregular connective tissue
Fibroblasts
This shows:
Areolar connective tissue
It is loose containing a lot of “empty space”
Ground substance is interspersed with:
Adipocytes, blood vessels, and nerves
Areolar connective tissue is found in underlying ____ ____, and ___ ___ of the digestive tract to allow for movements of nutrients and waste
Epithelial tissue
Lamina propria
This shows:
Reticular tissue
___ ___ is a network of reticular fibers visible with ___ stain. It is located in the ___, ___, and ___
Reticular tissue
Silver
Bone marrow
Liver
Lymph nodes
In lymphoid organs/tissues, reticular fibers are produced and enveloped by ___ ___
Reticular cells
___ ____ contains large aggregates of the fat cells and are held together by reticular fibers. Most of this tissue is lost during fixation when staining.
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue functions in:
Energy storage
Hormone secretion
Thermal regulation
Cushioning
Take home
_____ fibers have a very high tensile strength.
It is thread like ____ that assemble into larger collagen bundles. Individual fibrils display a 67nm ___ ___.
Collagen
fibrils
Banding patterns
Collagen fibrils are very rich in protein, therefore they stain ____ with H&E
Red
67 nm banding pattern is unique to ___ fibers.
Collagen
Collagen fibers are a good way to navigate yourself around a cell:
Collagen alpha chains have repeating triplets of amino acids. Every third amino acid is ____, followed by X and Y. X is usually ____. Y is usually ___ or ___
Glycine
Proline
Hydroxyproline
Hydroxylysine
A collagen ____ is three alpha chains wound around one another to form a rope like super helix. They can be ____ with three identical alpha chains or ____ with two or three different alpha chains
Molecule (monomer)
Homotrimeric
Hetero trimeric
Collagen synthesis:
Procollagen alpha chains with propeptides at both ends. _____ of specific proline and lysine residues in the ER. Assembly of ___ triple helix with non-helical propeptides at each end. Then formation of ___ and ___ bonds. The packing of ___ pro collagen molecules into secretory vesicles
Hydroxylation
Procollagen
Hydrogen
Disulfide
Soluble
____ ____ in the extracellular space, cleaves the propeptides transforming soluble procollagen into insoluble collagen molecules. Insoluble, collagen, molecules, spontaneously, assemble head to tail into overlapping staggered arrays to form ___ ___
Procollagen peptidases
Collagen fibrils
The highest order of collagen fibrils are ____ ___ and ___
Collagen fibers
Bundles
____ is necessary for collagen synthesis. _____ are dependent on vitamin C. Leads to ____ disease
Vitamin C
Hydroxylase
Scurvy
____ ____ forms cross links in collagen fibrils that help stabilize it. Defects in this enzyme result in weakened collagen fibers leading to ____ of joints and ___ ___
Lysyl oxidase
Hyperextension
Arterial aneurysms
90% of collagen is __ __.
_____ ___ form networks
Type I
Non-fibrillar collagens
Collagen ___ is sheet like layers that are found in basement membranes, external lamina, and Lens capsule
IV
Collagen ___ is small, banded, collagen, fibers that are found in blood vessels, bone marrow lymphoid, tissues, nerves, lungs
III
Type ___ collagen give rise to reticular fibers. Reticular fibers form branching networks rather than thick bundles, reticular fibers stain poorly with ____ they stain well with ___. Reticular fibers are abundant in laminar reticularis, the liver, endocrine glands.
III
H&E
PAS
___ ___ allows tissues to stretch and recoil. They are often interwoven with collagen fibers. They form a linear fibers, networks, and sheets.
Elastic fibers
Elastin is highly ___ folded into unstructured, random coil confirmation
Hydrophobic
Two amino acids unique to elastin ___ and ___ form covalent bonds between elastin molecules.
Desmosine
Isodesmosine
Elastic fibers under tension:
GAG’s carry a very high ___ charge that repel and cause GAGs to be stiff and straight
Negative
Types of glycosaminoglycans:
Be able to recognize them
Sulfonated GAG chains are covalently linked to a core protein to form _____
Proteoglycans
Proteoglycans ____ in the types and number of associated GAGs
Vary
_____ ____ attached to a core of hyaluronan. They are interwoven with fibers.
Some bacteria and cancer cells secrete _____ and ____ to allow movement through connective tissues
Proteoglycan aggregates
Hyaluronidase
Collagenase
_____ ____ ____ contain multiple binding domains each specific for other matrix molecules or cell service receptors. They organize the matrix and guide movement of cells.
Multi-domain adhesive glycoproteins
Adhesive glycoproteins
(be able to recognize them)
____ is embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to most adult connective tissue. It is composed of spindle-shaped ___ ___ embedded in a viscous ground substances with a few fibers
Mesenchyme
Mesenchymal cells
The nucleus of fibroblasts are only visible via ____ ___
Light microscope
Fibroblasts help organize ___ ___
Collagen fibers
If fibroblasts are active they have a lot of ____ in nucleus. If they are less active there, chromosomes will be more condensed.
Euchromatin
There are two classes of adipocyte cells. ____ are white fat and ____ are brown fat
Unilocular
Multilocular
White adipocytes display a single centrally located ___ ___ composed, primarily of ____ that fills most of the cell volume
Lipid droplet
Triglycerides
Brown Adipocytes are present in ___ but are greatly reduced by adulthood. They display many mitochondria. They are more vascularized than white fat, giving them their color
Newborns
_____ remove cellular debris and attack foreign invaders. They ingest bacteria, dead cells and foreign materials, which are degraded in the lysosome net work. Macrophages and dendritic cells are referred to as ____
Macrophage
Histocytes
This shows
Macrophage via transition electron microscope
___ ____ are formed from B lymphocytes in response to foreign antigens. They are part of the adaptive immune system. They are short-lived only 10 to 20 days.
Plasma cells
___ ___ pattern of peripheral, alternating heterochromatin and euchromatin are found in plasma cells
Clock-face
___ ___ synthesize and secrete circulating antibodies. They are present in high numbers and loose connective tissues of the intestinal and respiratory tracks.
Plasma cells
Mast cell granules contain mediators of inflammation, including ___ and ____. The presence of heparin causes mast cells to display _____ with toluidine blue
Heparin
Histamine
Metachromasia
