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AP Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

focuses on how we learn based on associations, reinforcements, punishments, and observable responses and behavior

A

behavioral perspective

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2
Q

a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior

A

biological perspective

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3
Q

an integrated approach to psychology that incorporates three different perspectives and types of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultural

A

biopsychosocial perspective

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4
Q

a research design involving an in-depth and detailed examination of a single subject, or case, usually an individual or a small group

A

case study

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5
Q

study abnormal behavior and mental processes and what causes them, and can offer treatment. evaluate how and why a treatment works

A

clinical psychologist

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6
Q

operates on the belief that the brain is the most important aspect in relation to the way that an individual behaves or thinks

A

cognitive perspective

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7
Q

a variable that the experimenter did not account for initially that affected the dependent variable

A

confounding variable

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8
Q

must be included to serve as a baseline comparison in contrast to the experimental group

A

control group

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9
Q

the relationship(positive or negative) between two variables

A

correlation

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10
Q

a number (symbolized by r) between −1 and +1, which represents the strength and direction of the correlation between two variables

A

correlation coefficient

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11
Q

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

critical thinking

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12
Q

when an experimenter tells the subject more information about the study’s purpose and procedures after the study is completed

A

debriefing

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13
Q

the variable that measures the outcome of the experiment

A

dependent variable

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14
Q

when neither the participant in the study nor the person giving the study know who is the control group and who is in the experimental group

A

double-blind procedure

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15
Q

considers how the human race has managed to survive for this long and how it has managed to become better as time goes on

A

evolutionary perspective

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16
Q

deliberately designed procedures used to test research hypotheses

A

experiment

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17
Q

the group receiving or reacting to the independent variable in an experiment

A

experimental group

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18
Q

an approach that emphasized the functions of the mind over its structures and focused on how aspects of consciousness allowed human beings to adapt to their environments

A

functionalism

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19
Q

when you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred

A

hindsight bias

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20
Q

a way of evaluating an individual as a whole, rather than looking at them only through a smaller aspect of their person

A

humanistic psychology

21
Q

a tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two (or more) events or variables; a prediction that a certain outcome will result from specific conditions

A

hypothesis

22
Q

a phenomenon that psychologists must avoid during experimentation. when the person believes that a relationship exists between two variables when it does not.

A

illusory correlation

23
Q

the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment

A

independent variable

24
Q

participants must be told and give their consent to the: purpose of research, procedures that will be used, risks or potential discomforts, and length of time involved

A

informed consent

25
Q

federally-mandated, locally-administered groups charged with evaluating risks and benefits of human participant research at their institution

A

institutional review board

26
Q

the arithmetical average calculated by dividing a sum of values by the total number of cases

A

mean

27
Q

the point that divides a set of scores in half

A

median

28
Q

the most frequently occurring score in the distribution

A

mode

29
Q

a research method, typically qualitative in nature and usually covert and undisclosed, that attempts to document behavior as it spontaneously occurs in a real-world setting

A

naturalistic observation

30
Q

nature: innate biological factors that influence development and personality.
nurture: external and environmental factors, including learning, that influence development and personality
which one affects us more??

A

nature vs nurture

31
Q

a term that is used to describe the procedure of a study and the research variables

A

operational definition

32
Q

when a group of people feel an effect of a drug when they have actually only ingested a placebo, which is often a sugar pill that has no effect

A

placebo effect

33
Q

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample

A

population

34
Q

a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders provides more for mental illness than psychologists

A

psychaitrist

35
Q

personality theory that explains behaviors by looking at unconscious drives and feelings

A

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

36
Q

a method of assigning participants to conditions such that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into experimental groups

A

random assignment

37
Q

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

random sample

38
Q

the lowest score subtracted from the higher score

A

range

39
Q

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

A

replication

40
Q

a graph of the relationship between 2 measured variables where one variable is arrayed on each axis and a dot is placed at each point where the values of the variables intersect

A

scatterplot

41
Q

considers the way that different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives

A

socio-cultural perspective

42
Q

structure is more important than function. the mind must be broken into elements to understand the brain and its functions. with the use of introspection

A

structuralism

43
Q

a mostly quantitative research method involving a list of questions filled out by a group of people to assess attitudes or opinions

A

survey

44
Q

the population that a study is intended to research and to which generalizations from samples are to be made

A

target population

45
Q

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

A

theory

46
Q

combined physiology and philosophy to create psychology and established the first psychology lab in Germany
- believed in introspection and structuralism

A

william wundt

47
Q

a psychologist who had a firm belief in the philosophy of pragmatism, the belief that only practical matters should be pursued, if something is not going to further progress it should be abandoned as frivolous

A

william james

48
Q

the founder of structuralism, a school of thought that considered that thoughts were conformed by basic elements such as sensations

A

edward titchner

49
Q

a pioneering American psychologist, the first president of the American Psychological Association, his interests focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory

A

stanley g hall

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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