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PSY2106-Stats > Chapter 2: Frequency Distribution > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Frequency Distribution Flashcards

1
Q

What is the value of ΣX – 1 for the following scores? Scores: 2, 4, 7

a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
d) 13

A

12

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2
Q

Organizing a set of scores into a table or a graph would be an example of using ______.

a) population statistics
b) sample statistics
c) descriptive statistics
d) inferential statistics

A

c) descriptive statistics

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3
Q

In a positively skewed distribution, scores with the highest frequencies are _____.

a) on the right side of

A

on the right side of the distribution

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4
Q

What does N mean, what does it represent?

A

N is the total frequency (f) added up

N represents the population

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5
Q

What is the proportion/probability equation?

A

it represents p

p = frequency (f) / population (N)

p= f/N

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6
Q

What is percentage?

A

f/N x 100

Should always equal 100 when added up

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7
Q

What is relative frequency?

A
  • Proportion
  • Looking at an individual score/frequency relative to the whole distribution of scores
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8
Q

How do you calculate the range?

Ex- high score of 94 & low score of 53

A

(H - L) + 1

(high score - low score) +1

or

High upper limit for the high score - Lower upper limit for the low score

Ex: (94-53) +1 –> 42

or

94.5 - 52.5 = 42

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9
Q

What does dividing the range by width give you?

A

the interval

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10
Q

Positively Skewed Distributions
occur when there is a…

(5 pts)

A
  • Cluster of lower scores
  • The smaller more spread-out tail will be on the right
  • Scores with higher distribution appear on the left
  • Fewer high scores
  • “Floor effect”
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11
Q

Negatively Skewed Distributions
occur when there is a…

(5 pts)

A
  • Cluster of higher scores
  • The smaller more spread out tail will be on the left
  • Scores with higher distribution appear on the right
  • Fewer small scores
  • “Ceiling effect”
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12
Q

Start interval with…

A

a multiple of the width

ex. if width is 5, start with a multiple of 5 to start the interval

ex. 5-9 not 7-11

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13
Q

What type of variable and graph represents a nominal scale?

A

Variable : discreet
Graph: only a bar graph

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14
Q

What type of variable and graph represents a
ordinal scale?

A

Variable: continuous
Graph: only a histogram

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15
Q

What type of scale(s) is represented by a histogram and/or polygon?

A

Interval and ratio scales

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16
Q

What is the difference between a nominal scale and ordinal scale? Provide examples

A

Nominal scale:
-no quantitative distinctions
-labels and categorize
Ex- eye color, diagnosis, control & experimental

Ordinal scale:
-categorizes observations
-categories organized by size or magnitude
Ex- ranks in class, S,M, L, XL, Olympian metals

17
Q

Does a bar graph with discrete variables have real limits?

A

no, continuous variables do

18
Q

What is a frequency distribution?

A

It counts the number of times each score is received

19
Q

Name:

  • Shows how many times each value occurred on the variable
  • Lists the count for each of the different values; frequency of occurrence (f)
  • Provides other info (proportions, percentages)
A

Frequency tables

20
Q

What are important distinctions about a bar graph?

A
  • Discrete variables
  • Measured on a nominal scale
  • The graph is drawn with space between the bars
21
Q

Name the graph:

  • Continuous variables
  • Includes RL
  • Could have fractions/decimals
A

Histogram

22
Q

Name the graph:

-Can have interval for X value
-Center a dot over the midpoint of the class interval

A

Polygon

23
Q

Name:

What shape of frequency distribution ?

-Having one peak

A

Unimodal

24
Q

Name:

Approximately equal numbers of observations above and below the middle

A

Symmetrical frequency distribution

25
Q

Name:

-One side is more spread out than the other, like a tail
-Direction of the skew ( right or left/ pos or neg)

A

Skewed frequency distribution

26
Q

Name:

What shape of frequency distribution ?

-Having two peaks

A

Bimodal

27
Q

Name:

What shape of frequency distribution ?

-Having two or more peaks

A

multimodal

28
Q

Name:

What shape of frequency distribution ?

-Having no peaks

A

Rectangular

29
Q

Complete the sentence:

When we describe the shape of a distribution, how flat or peaked it is describes its…

A

Kurtosis

30
Q

Name:

Types of Kurtosis:

  • Are tall and peaked
A

Leptokurtic distributions

30
Q

Name:

Types of Kurtosis:

  • Are the ideal example of the normal distribution, somewhere between the leptokurtic and platykurtic
A

Mesokurtic distributions

31
Q

Name:

Types of Kurtosis:

  • Are broad and flat
A

Platykurtic distributions

32
Q

What are the 4 particular characteristics of “the normal curve”?

A
  • Bell-shaped
    -Unimodal
    -Symmetrical - Exactly half of the scores above the mean & exactly half of the scores below the mean
    -Average tails

PSY2106-Stats (3 decks)

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