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201D > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Water soluble drugs

A

dissolve in the watery contents of the GI tracts, rapidly absorbed and take effect faster

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2
Q

Lipid soluble drugs

A

can penetrade lipid cell membrance

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3
Q

why you should never crush or break enteric coated and time released medication

A

to do so would destroy their protective coatings

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4
Q

how antacid does to ph. and acidity level in stomach ?

A

Antacids are medications that are used to neutralize excess stomach acid, and they can have an impact on the pH level in the stomach.

Stomach acid, which is primarily composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), has a very low pH (highly acidic), typically around 1.5 to 3.5. When you take an antacid, it works by raising the pH of the stomach contents, making it less acidic.

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5
Q

pharmacology

A

the study or science of drugs

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6
Q

Pharmaceutics

A
  • form determines rate of drug dissolution and absorption
  • Example: liquid absorbed faster than tablets
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7
Q

Drug Absorption of Various Oral Preparations

A

Buccal is drug place in the cheek
SL is sublingual, place it under the tongue
Cheeks and under tongue absorbed fast because they have lot of blood vessels.

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8
Q

capital letters for extended release
(CR, SA, XL, XT,
CD, TR, ER, LA)

A

CR: Controlled-Release
SA: Sustained-Action
XL: Extra Long
XT: Extra Time
CD: Controlled-Delivery
TR: Time-Release
ER: Extended-Release
LA: Long-Acting

cannot be crushed or chewed > possible toxicity

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9
Q

Pharmacokinetics:

A

Pharmacokinetics: “kinetics” = movement
* study of the drug movement throughout
the body (parent drug to all metabolites
leaving the body

4 processes: absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion

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10
Q

Pharmacokinetics
Image

A
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11
Q

PHARMACOKINETICS
Absorption

A
  • site of administration into the bloodstream for
    distribution
  • bioavailability & first-pass effect
  • absorption rate affected by route:
    enteral, parenteral (anything that do not go into GI), topical
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12
Q

PHARMACOKINETICS
Distribution

A

Distribution
* transport of drug from bloodstream to its site of action
* heart, liver, kidneys, & brain receive
drug more rapidly
* muscle, skin, fat receive drug more
slowly
* unbound drugs free to distribute and
reach site
* drugs bound to plasma proteins (too large) are
pharmacologically inactive
* low albumin levels increase risk of toxicity
warfarin bounds to albumins 99%
geriatric starts with low dosages.

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13
Q

Some parenteral routes

A

Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous (SC or SQ)
Intradermal (ID)
Intrathecal
Intraventricular
Intra-articular

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14
Q

Bioavailability

A
  • Bioavailability: extent of
    drug absorption
  • oral drug absorbed via
    stomach or intestine =>
    liver => bloodstream
  • liver changes drug into
    inactive metabolites =>
    less drug into circulation
    => high first-pass effect
    => bioavailability < 100%
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15
Q

First pass effect image

A
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16
Q

Distribution Image

A
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17
Q

Topical route

A

over longer period, slow onset, but more prolonged
topical routes avoid first pass effects of the liver, except rectal administration (mixed first pass and non first pass effect for rectal)

18
Q

PHARMACOKINETICS
Metabolism (biotransformation)

A

Metabolism (biotransformation)
* biochemical alteration >inactive metabolite
* except prodrug- converted to active form
* liver is mostly responsible for drug
metabolism
* involves variety of enzymes

19
Q

Cytochrome P-450 enzymes

A

hepatic metabolism
large enzymes
responsible for metabolize most drugs
target lipid soluble drugs

20
Q

PHARMACOKINETICS
Excretion

A

Excretion
* elimination of metabolites or active drug
* kidneys primarily responsible (liver and the bowel play some roles)
* extensive transformation taken place

21
Q

FIRST-PASS EFFECTS: OTHER
CONSIDERATIONS

A

Enteral drugs: also include orally
disintegrating tablets (ODTs), oral
soluble films, sublingual, and buccal
(transmucosal)
–oral cavity highly vascularized
–do not undergo first-pass effects

Rectal drugs:
* used for both local and systemic
delivery
* may be considered enteral or topical
* mixed first-pass and non-first-pass
absorption and metabolism

22
Q

First pass effect Image

A
23
Q

fentanyl lollipop

A

Do not undergo first pass effects

24
Q

First pass effect or not

A
25
Q

Onset of action

A

time for drug to start physiologic response

26
Q

Peak effect

A

time required for drug to reach max. therapeutic response

27
Q

Duration of action

A

length of time drug conc. is sufficient to elicit therapeutic
response

28
Q

Half-life

A

time required for 50% of drug to be eliminated by the body

29
Q

Drug effect
onset of action
peak effect
duration of action

A
30
Q

glyburide
sample of time action profile

A
31
Q

Pharmacodynamics:

A

relates to the mechanisms of drug action in living tissues.

A/ high affinity, the greater response
B/ Agonist, fit perfectly to the receptor site
C/

32
Q

Agonist

A

Drug binds to the receptor, there is a response

33
Q

Partial agonist

A

drug binds to the receptor, the response is diminished compare with that elicited by an agonist

34
Q

Antagonist

A

drug binds to the receptor, there is no response. Drug prevents binding of agonist
Narcan naloxone, block the Mu receptor, preventing overdose of morphine

35
Q

PHARMACOLOGIC PRINCIPLES

A
36
Q

Food drug interaction
Leafy green veggies

A
37
Q

Food drug interaction
Grapefruit juice

A
38
Q

Food drug interaction
Dairy products and iron

A
39
Q

Food drug interaction
Valerian root

A
40
Q

polypharmacy

A

the simultaneous use of multiple medications is called polypharmacy

41
Q

Aging effects on pharmacokinetics

A
42
Q

DOSING VARIATIONS FOR THE ELDERLY

A

201D (8 decks)

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