Cellular Pathology

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

study of disease
- external stimuli produce changes in the cells environment
- cell is challenged to maintain homeostasis
- to survive cells adapt

Question 2

if cells are unable to adapt what happens?

Answer 2

cell death

Question 3

cellular adaptions include?

Answer 3

• hyperplasia
• hypertrophy
• atrophy
• metaplasia

Question 4

cellular adaption: hyperplasia

Answer 4

increase in the number of cells

Question 5

physiologic hyperplasia

Answer 5

due to a normal stressor or initiator
- menstrual cycle

Question 6

pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 6

due to abnormal stressor or initiator
- endometriosis

Question 7

hypertrophy

Answer 7

increase in the size of the cell

Question 8

physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 8

skeletal muscle hypertrophy with exercise

Question 9

pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 9

left ventricle hypertrophy due to high BP

Question 10

atrophy

Answer 10

decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size

Question 11

physiologic atrophy

Answer 11

decrease uterus size after pregnancy

Question 12

pathologic atrophy

Answer 12

loss of stimulus to an organ or muscle; peripheral nerve damage

Question 13

metaplasia

Answer 13

conversion of one cell type to another
- epithelium is normal in appearance but in an abnormal location

Question 14

physiologic metaplasia

Answer 14

cervical ectopy; cellular replacement in presence of estrogen

Question 15

pathologic metaplasia

Answer 15

conversion of columnar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells in airways of individuals who smoke

• can lead to cancer

Question 16

cell injury

Answer 16

occurs when the cells cannot adapt to their new environment

causes:
- physical and chemical agents
- trauma
- infection

Question 17

hypoxia

Answer 17

decreased oxygen

Question 18

ischemia

Answer 18

decreased blood flow

Question 19

what is vulnerable to cell injury?

Answer 19

• DNA
• cell membranes
• protein generation
• ATP production

Question 20

two types of cellular injury

Answer 20

• reversible cellular injury
  ~ ex. low back pain and
  patient learning better
  posture
• irreversible cellular injury

Question 21

apoptosis

Answer 21

programmed cell death in response to damage to DNA or normal growth and development

Question 22

apoptosis initiation

Answer 22

caspases is a catalyst of apoptosis

Question 23

apoptosis execution

Answer 23

caspases causes cell death

Question 24

does apoptosis cause an inflammatory response?

Answer 24

no, there is NO inflammatory response

Question 25

necrosis

Answer 25

uncontrolled cell death
- causes an inflammatory response

Question 26

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 26

transformation of tissue into a liquid viscous mass
- most often in high fat and low protein organs (brain) or high enzymatic content (pancreas)
- bacteria, virus, parasite

Question 27

fat necrosis

Answer 27

inflammatory process which results in death of fat cells
- most common in breast tissue

Question 28

avascular necrosis a.k.a osteonecrosis

Answer 28

death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply
- can lead to tiny breaks in bone

Question 29

what causes avascular necrosis?

Answer 29

• joint or bone trauma
• fatty deposits in blood vessels
• sickle cells anemia

Question 30

cellular accumulations

Answer 30

accumulation of substances in the cells as a result of damage to the cell (external factor) or genetic abnormality (internal factor)

substances:
- calcium
- protein
- iron
- fat
- cholesterol
- glycogen
- pigments

Question 31

cellular accumulations of calcium

Answer 31

patients who have hypercalcemia have deposits of the calcium with normal or abnormal tissue

PT implications: should impingement

Question 32

cellular accumulations: protein

Answer 32

neurofibrillary tangles seen in alzheimer disease

Question 33

cellular accumulations: iron & its types

Answer 33

two types:
- hemosiderosis
- hemochromatosis

Question 34

hemosiderosis

Answer 34

accumulation of iron in organs
- liver and pancreas

Question 35

hemochromatosis

Answer 35

accumulation of iron in parenchymal cells
- CHF, diabetes, cirrhosis

Question 36

most common cell of hemochromatosis?

Answer 36

parenchymal cells

Question 37

fat accumulation

Answer 37

organs most commonly affected are the liver, kidney, heart and skeletal muscle

Question 38

cholesterol accumulation

Answer 38

blood vessels

Question 39

glycogen accumulation

Answer 39

liver and skeletal muscles
- typically due to a genetic disorder

Question 40

pigment accumulation

Answer 40

exogenous (tattoo)
endogenous (jaundice)

Question 41

cellular aging

Answer 41

the process of becoming older
- a process that is genetically determines and environmentally modulated

Question 42

telomeres

Answer 42

protect the end of chromosomes with each cell division they shorten
- eventually DNA is interpreted as nonfunctional

Question 43

what happens to telomeres as we age?

Answer 43

as we grow older, telomeres at the end of our chromosomes shrink

• new research suggests major depression is also linked to shorter telomeres as a sign of ‘accelerated aging’

Question 44

werner syndrome

Answer 44

• autosome recessive
• rare, inherited disroder marked by rapid aging that begins in early adolescence or young adulthood and an increased risk of cancer

sign and symptoms:
- shorter than average height
- thinning and graying hair
- skin changes
- thin arms and legs
- voice changes
- unusual facial features

Question 45

physical therapy implication: muscular atrophy

Answer 45

• therapeutic exercises
• strength training
• aquatic therapy
• standing programs
• respiratory management
• feeding
• skeletal and scoliosis management
• assistive devices

Question 46

avascular necrosis PT treatment

Answer 46

• decrease load with assistive device
• maintain joint mobility
• strengthen muscles
• E-stim and US stimulating bone growth