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Bacteriology > Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Unicellular organisms that lack a nuclear membrane and true nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

involves recipient cell uptake of naked (free) DNA released into the environment when another bacterial cell (i.e., the donor)dies and undergoes lysis

A

Transformation

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3
Q

Where does posttranslational modification usually occurs?

A

golgi apparatus

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4
Q

vital to cellular metabolism; present in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Cytoplasmic Inner Membrane

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5
Q

Nonchromosomal element that is use as a determinant of antimicrobial resistance

A

Plasmids

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6
Q

establishes a conjugative bridge that serves as the conduit for DNA transfer from donor to recipient cell.

A

sex pilus

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7
Q

These are highly complex mechanisms by which single-cell organisms are able to respond and adapt to environmental challenges

A

genetic control

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8
Q

Most notably use by Gram-negative bacteria; The gluconate is phosphorylated, dehydrated, and converted into pyruvate and glyceraldehyde, leading to ethanol production

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

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9
Q

gene group that is referred when a cluster of genes is under the control of a single promoter sequence

A

Operon

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10
Q

processing of information encoded in genetic elements

A

Gene Expression

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11
Q

This reversible regulation is clearly evident in the expression of virulence genes in many known pathogens including E. coli, Shigella spp., and Yersinia spp.

A

riboswitches

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12
Q

(sequence recognition site

A

anticodon

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13
Q

product of transcription

A

RNA

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14
Q

A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific
product (RNA or protein)

A

Gene

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Considered the major pathway in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

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17
Q

close contact of cell; transfer of genetic material from donor bacterial strain to recipient strain; involves sex pilus

A

Conjugation

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18
Q

An aerobic process and usually use by Pseudomonas spp., Alcaligenaceae, Enterococcus faecalis, and other bacteria
that are lacking certain glycolytic enzyme

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

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19
Q

serve as adhesins that help bacteria attach to animal host cell surfaces, often as the first step in establishing infection

A

Fimbriae or pili

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20
Q

limited to containing the genes that encode information required for movement from one site in the genome to another

A

Insertion sequences

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21
Q

Gram stain color for Gram positive bacteria

A

Deep blue or purple

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22
Q

Bacteria with mycolic acid in the cells walls require another type of staining technique called:

A

Acid Fast Stain

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23
Q

Process when oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

A

Aerobic Respiration

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24
Q

gives the bacterial cell shape and strength

A

Cell Wall

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25
Q

a type of energy production where high-energy phosphate bonds produced by the central pathways are donated to (ADP) to form ATP

A

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

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26
Q

In this process, some segment of DNA originating from one bacterial cell (i.e., the donor) enters a second bacterial cell (i.e., the recipient) and is exchanged with a DNA segment of the recipient’s genome.

A

Genetic recombination

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27
Q

Product of replication

A

Copy of DNA

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28
Q

involves tRNAs and a host of elongation factors that mediate the sequential addition of aminoacids

A

Elongation

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29
Q

capable of replication independently of the
host chromosome

A

Episomes

30
Q

hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell membrane into the external environment

A

Fimbriae or pili

31
Q

waterfilled structures control the passage of nutrients and other solutes, including
antibiotics, through the outer membrane

A

Porins

32
Q

transfer of a bacterial gene by a bacteriophage to another bacteria

A

Transduction

33
Q

Pathway use by many members of enterobacteriaceae family which are mostly fermenters

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

34
Q

Gram Rule: All (most) cocci are gram positive except?

A

NVM (NeVerMind)
Neisseria
Veillonella
Moraxella

35
Q

product of translation

A

proteins and amino acids

36
Q

viruses capable of infecting bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

37
Q

occurs when the ribosomal A site encounters a stop or nonsense codon that does not specify an amino acid

A

termination

38
Q

genome that is organized into discrete elements

A

Chromosomes

39
Q

cells that characterized sex pilus produce this protein

A

F factor

40
Q

found only in gramnegative bacteria; consists of gel-like substances that assist in the capture of nutrients fromthe environment

A

periplasmic space

41
Q

utilization of metabolic pathways involved in the acquisition of nutrients from the environment,production of precursor metabolites, and energy production

A

Fueling

42
Q

3 mechanisms of Genetic Diversity

A

Mutation
Genetic Recombination
Genetic Exchange

43
Q

Flagella protein

A

Flagellin

44
Q

Serves as an alternative to EMP for carbohydrate metabolism;

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

45
Q

found only in gram-negative bacteria,  function as the cell’s initial barrier to the
environment

A

outer membrane

46
Q

double-stranded, closed, circular,autonomously replicating extrachromosomal genetic elements

A

Plasmids

47
Q

referred to as the peptidoglycan, or murein
layer

A

Cell Wall

48
Q

Protein structures that are scattered throughout the lipopolysaccharide
macromolecules

A

Porins

49
Q

enzyme central to the transcription process.

A

RNA polymerase

50
Q

Uses glucose to produce NADPH

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

51
Q

Primary stain for Gram stain

A

Crystal Violet

52
Q

involves an electron transport system

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

53
Q

mRNA molecules that result from the transcription process

A

polycistronic

54
Q

use by Heterolactic fermenting bacteria such as Lactobacilli and brucella abortus which lacks the enzyme required in the EMP pathway

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

55
Q

All (most) bacilli are GRAM NEGATIVE, except

A

(BANS CEL)
Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Actinomyces
Nocardia
Streptomyces
Clostridium, Corynebacterium Erysipelothrix
Listeria, Lactobacillus

56
Q

a fundamental staining technique used in
bacterial identification schemes.

A

Gram Staining

57
Q

Translation: begins with the association of ribosomal subunits,mRNA, formylmethionine (f-met) tRNA (carryingtheinitialamino acid of the protein to be synthesized), andvariousinitiation factors

A

Initiation

58
Q

group of genes

A

Genome

59
Q

site of active replication

A

replication fork

60
Q

cassettes (grouping of genes)
flanked by insertion sequences

A

Composite transposons

61
Q

defined as an alteration in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism’s genome;

A

Mutation

62
Q

involves the direct interactions with genes and their ability to be transcribed to mRNA

A

genetic control

63
Q

pieces of DNA that move from one genetic element to another, from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa

A

Transposons

64
Q

a primary intermediate in the central pathways, serves as the initial substrate for several other pathways to generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

A

Pyruvate

65
Q

occurs under anaerobic environment and does not require oxygen

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

66
Q

one of the two DNA strands that encodes for a
functional gene product

A

Sense strand

67
Q

The three mechanisms by which bacteria physically exchange DNA are

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

68
Q

Confers protection top the bacteria and allows bacteria to evade the immunesystem

A

Capsule

69
Q

Term when flagella is located at one end of the cell

A

monotrichous flagella

70
Q

facilitates and maintains bacterial colonization of biologic (e.g., teeth)and inanimate (e.g., prostheticheart valves)surfaces through the formation of “slime layers”or biofilms

A

Capsule

71
Q

involved in the degradation of macromolecules and detoxification of environmental solutes,

A

periplasmic space

Bacteriology (11 decks)

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