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Bio 224.3 > Coordenation & regulation nervous systems > Flashcards

Coordenation & regulation nervous systems Flashcards

1
Q

organ systems must be coordinated within…

A

an animal
the environment

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2
Q

what are the two major systems involved with coordination and reulation

A

-nervous system
-endocrine system

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3
Q

what is the speed of reaction for the nervous system and endocrine system

A

nervous- very fast (milliseconds)
endocrine- slow (sec, hrs, days)

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4
Q

what animals is the nervous system found in

A

all except sponges

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5
Q

what are the three major roles of the nervous system

A

-collects information
-process & integrate information
-transmits information

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6
Q

how does the nervous system collect information

A

-form internal or external environment
-using modified neurons

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7
Q

how does the nervous system process & integrate information

A

evaluates based on past experiences or genetics

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8
Q

how does the nervous system transmit information

A

coordinates/regulates effector organ/cells

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9
Q

what is the process of a system when things have been senced

A

-sensory receptors
-sensory input (afferent) (peripheral nervous system)
-integration (central nervous system)
-motor out put (efferent)
-effector cells
(all activities depend on bioelectricity)

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10
Q

what does efferent mean

A

coming out of the central nervous system

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11
Q

what does afferent mean

A

going into central nervous system

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12
Q

what do neurons do

A

-generate bioelectrical signal
-used to transmit information to other cells

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13
Q

what do glial cells do

A

-they are the support cells
-assist in neuron signalling
-produce cerebrospinal fluid
-maintain environment around neurons

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14
Q

what are the three types of neurons

A

-motor neuron
-sensory neuron
-interneuron

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15
Q

what peices make up the neuron

A

signal reception:
-dendrites
-cell body
signal integration:
-spike initiation zone = axon hillock
signal conduction:
-axon
-cell body of sensory neurons
signal transmission:
-axon terminals

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16
Q

where do motor, sensory, and interneurons connect to

A

motor- muscle

sensory and intern- another neuron

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17
Q

what is a neuron

A

an individual cell

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18
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bundle of axons (a few to a millions)

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19
Q

what is an axon

A

a nerve fiber

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20
Q

what is synapse

A

connection between axon terminal & effector cell

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21
Q

what is effector cell

A

can be a neuron, muscle cell, any other cell that does something based on inputs form nervous system

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22
Q

what is potential

A

-difference in electrical charge between regions
-measured in volts or millivolts

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23
Q

what is current

A

-flow of electrical charges between regions
-opposites attract, like repels
-charge can move and that is the current

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24
Q

what is membrane potential

A

-unequal charge distribution across a cell membrane
-potentail form inside the cell

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25
Q

what is bioelectricity

A

-potential
-current
-membran potential

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26
Q

what does it mean that all cells are electrically polarized

A

-have membrane potential
-inside is negative relative to exterior side
-size ranges form -10 to -90mV

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27
Q

how are neurons and muscle cells specially adapted

A

-have large membrane potentials
-special mechanism to regulate membrane potentials and currents

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28
Q

what are the three types of membrane potentials

A

-resting membrane potential
-electrotonic potential
-action potentials

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29
Q

what do membrane potentials and currents depend on

A

inorganic ions

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30
Q

what is the resting membrane potential

A

-measured when neuron is inactive
-about -70mV in neutrons & muscle cells (less then out side)
-due to unequal distribution of ions across the membrane
-principal ions involved are Na+ and K+

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31
Q

extra cellular fluid always has…

A

high [Na+]
low [K+]

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32
Q

intracellular fluid always has…

A

high [K+]
low [Na+]

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33
Q

sodium… potassium…

A

sodium outside cells; potassium inside cells

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34
Q

what is the ion gradient maintained by

A

active transport

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35
Q

where is ion gradient found

A

in all cells

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36
Q

how does the ion gradient move things

A

moves 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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37
Q

how much potential does the ion gradient generate

A

-10mV potential

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38
Q

what kind of pump is an ion gradient pump

A

electrogenic pump

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39
Q

the resting membrane potential is -70mV in neurons and muscle cells where is this generated form

A

-electro negative pump: -10mV
-anionic proteins: -5mV
-passive diffusion of K+ through and open K+ channel

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40
Q

what are ion channels specific for

A

each ion

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41
Q

leak channels are always…

A

open

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42
Q

how are channels often regulated in neurons

A

voltage gated

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43
Q

what does it mean when a cell is polarized

A

it is negative inside

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44
Q

what does it mean when a cell is depolarized

A

it becomes more + inside

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45
Q

what is hyperpolarization

A

the cells become more - inside

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46
Q

when do cells become polarized or depolarized

A

it happens during electronic potentials or the action potentials which both happen for a small amount of time

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47
Q

what is electronic potential

A

small changes in membrane potentials

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48
Q

what is action potentials

A

large and rapid changes in membrane potentials

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49
Q

where does the current run on the membrane

A

current (ions) travel along the surface of membrane

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50
Q

what is repolarization

A

the coming back to the resting mem potential regardless of the direction of the initial movement

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51
Q

what are electronic potentials used to initiate

A

-an action potential in axon hillock
-also to conduct action potential along axon

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52
Q

what are action potentials

A

-they are initiated in axon hillock region
-found only in axons
-carries the signals from axon hillock to terminals

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53
Q

what are some special features of action potentials

A

-depolarize membrane (from -70 to +35mV)
-all or nothing but transient
-once started conducted along the entire axon
-rely on ion currents through membrane via voltage gated ion channels

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54
Q

when do action potential voltage-gated channels open

A

only when cell is at certain state of depolerization

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55
Q

an action potential is…

A

transient
all or nothing

56
Q

what is threshold

A

voltage at which AP is initiated

57
Q

what does action potential depend on

A

ion currents and voltage gated channels

58
Q

what is the difference between a channel boing closed and inactive

A

closed means it can open again
inactive means it cant open again

59
Q

what kind of feedback is action potential

A

positive feed back

60
Q

where is the action potential initiated

A

in the axon hillock

61
Q

what initiates the acton potential

A

the concentration of NA+ voltage gated channels

62
Q

what reduces backpropagation in soma

A

-the axon hillock [] of K+v channels reduces backpropegation into the soma
-when down stream Na+v channel reaches threshold (new AP) refractory period prevents backpropagation

63
Q

in unmyelinated axons what determines the speed of conduction

A

axon diameter larger=faster

64
Q

in unmyelinated axons how fast is the speed of conductivity

A

40+/- m/s

65
Q

what kind of animals have unmyelinated axons

A

most invertebrates

66
Q

what is the myelin

A

-made or proteins and lipids
-insulation prevents ions from crossing the membrane-reduces current loss

67
Q

how do ions cross a myelinated axon

A

concentration of Na+v and K+v at nodes allows ions to cross membrane

68
Q

what is the refractory period

A

after peak of action potential and on

69
Q

how do axon hillocks vary in unmyelinated and myelinate neurons

A

they are very similar in there conduction process but current spreads quicker between nodes in myelinated

70
Q

what is saltatory

A

jumping (in myelinated axon conduction from node to node to reach terminals

71
Q

how fast is the conduction velocity in myelinated axons

A

higher conduction velocities (up to 100m/s)- vertebrates

72
Q

what are the two types of synaptic transsmitions

A

electrical and chemical

73
Q

what is electrical synaptic transmission

A

actual ions flow from cell to cell occurs via gap junctions
ex.
cardiac muscles and cells
neurons in a few invertebrate animals

74
Q

what is chemical synaptic transmission

A

another molecule carries signal nerotransmitters from presynaptic cell
ex
majority of neurons

75
Q

what do gap junctions do

A

-they directly connect cytoplasm of each cell
-ions flow between cells
-rapid flow of current
-cant be modulated only excitatory

76
Q

what is pre and postsynaptic

A

-one side of the synapse is the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell (neuron that transmits the signal)
-On the other side is the dendrite a postsynaptic cell (the neuron or the surface of an effector that receives the signal)

77
Q

how are pre and postsynaptic neurons separated in chemical synapses

A

by the synaptic cleft

78
Q

how does chemical synapsis work

A

-there are neurotransmitters stored in vesicles and the action potental causes the Ca+ to influx
-vesicle binds to presynaptic membrane and neurotransmitter released into cleft
-neurotransmitter binds to poststnaptic receptors-channels open-depolarization or hyperpolerization

79
Q

what is inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters

A

in-block or prevent the chemical message from being passed along any farther (hyperpolerization)
exc-“excite” the neuron and cause it to “fire off the message,” meaning, the message continues to be passed along to the next cell (depolarization)

80
Q

what does chemical synapsis allow for

A

intergration of multiple presynaptic inputs

81
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

-there is many different kinds
-they have diverse effects
-can stimulate or inhibit and effector cell
-all bind to a receptor protein in post-synaptic membrane
-each NT has several different receptors

82
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

-neurotransmitter
-in the CNS it stimulates the brain, important in memory, motor control, and more
-in the PNS it stimulates skeletal muscle at neuromuscular juction, inhibits cardiac muscles, promotes digenstion

83
Q

what are biogenic amines and there function

A

-neurotransmitter
-catecholamine: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
-serotonin
-histamine
-CNS it regulates mood, attention, learning, and more
-PNS it catecholamines stimulates cardiac muscle, improves lung function, help animals respond to stressful situations

84
Q

what are the amino acids and there functions

A

-neurotransmitters
-excitatory amino acids: glutamate, aspartate
-inhibitory amino acids: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine
-widespread mediators of activity in all areas of CNS; the majority on and off signals of the CNS

85
Q

what are the neuropeptides and there functions

A

-neurotransmitters
-opiate peptides: endorphin, enkephalin, oxytosin
-in the CNS modulate postsynaptic cell response to neurotransmitters; play a role in mood, behavior, appetite, pain preception, and many others

86
Q

what are the gas neurotransmitters and there functions

A

-nitric oxide, carbon monoxide
-CNS possible role in memory and odor sensation
-PNS relaxes smooth muscle, especially in blood vessels

87
Q

when acetylcholine stimulates and inhibits different muscles how does it do it

A

-it has different receptors for different things it is activating or inhibiting
-i.g stimulates muscle contraction via a nicotine receptor
-inhibits cardiac muscle contractions via a muscarinic receptor

88
Q

what are the two classes of receptor proteins

A

ionotrophic receptors (eg nicotine recept) and metabotrophic receptors (eg muscarinic receptor)

89
Q

how do ionotrophic receptors work

A

-they have ligand gated channels
-post synaptic response depends on ion current
-eg the nicotinic receptor is Na+ channel
-eg the GABA receptor is a Cl- channel

90
Q

what stimulates and inhibits ionotrophic receptors

A

-acetylcholine stimulates by depolarization
-GABA inhibits by hyperpolarization

91
Q

how do metabotropic receptors work

A

-they are influenced by post synaptic cell indirectly
-acts via an intracellular signal (2nd messanger)
-has diversity of effects on cells

92
Q

why do ions move across post-synsptic membranes

A

due to nurotransmitter binding to receptor

93
Q

what is post-synaptic electrophysiology

A

-ions move across post-synsptic membranes due to nurotransmitter binding to receptor
-causes an electronic potential (EP) in dendrites
-flows along membrane surfaces to axon hillock
-EP from dendrites called post-synaptic potentials (PSP)

94
Q

what are electronic potentials (EP) from dendrites called

A

post synaptic potential (PSP)

95
Q

at the hillock what will the PSP do

A

depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane

96
Q

how do you know what the PSP at the hillock will do

A

it depends in the type of receptor/ion channel in the dendrite
-Na+ channel will let Na+ flow in which causes the depolarization or excitatory PSP (EPSP)
-K+ channels will let K+ flow outward which causes a hyperpolarizing or inhibitory PSP (IPSP)
-Cl- channel will let Cl- flow inward which causes hyperpolarizaiton (IPSP)

97
Q

what does nurotransmitter release trigger

A

action potential

98
Q

what are EPSP and IPSP called

A

graded potentials

99
Q

what does the size of PSPs depend on

A

amount of neurotransmitters released

100
Q

how much output may a postsynaptic neuron have

A

up to 1000 inputs onto post synaptic neuron

101
Q

where does the summation of subthreshold PSPs occur at

A

the axon hillock

102
Q

what is summation

A

-summation of subthreshold PSPs occur at axon hillock
-can involve EPSPs and IPSPs
-occurs in time and space
-important for processing inputs, learning, memory

103
Q

neurons have the same…

A

basic electrophysiology

104
Q

how is the diversity of post synaptic regulation possible

A

-many, many synaptic inputs per effector
-a wide variety of neurotransmitters
-different receptors proteins
-several intracellular signalling pathway

105
Q

what are cnidarian

A

sea anemone

106
Q

what are echinoderm

A

sea star

107
Q

what are planarian

A

flatworm

108
Q

what are arthropod

A

grasshopper

109
Q

what are mollusc

A

octopus

110
Q

what are vertebrate

A

salamander

111
Q

what do sponges have for a nervous system

A

no neurons but have basic cell physiology

112
Q

what is ganglia

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies=site of intergration

113
Q

what is cephalization

A

concentration of neurons/ganglia in a “head” region

114
Q

what drive the relative representation of brain processing regions in different groups

A

selective pressure

115
Q

what is the reason for all the fold in the brain

A

folding increases surface area (# of neurons/synapses)

116
Q

what is somatic

A

voluntary control

117
Q

what is autonomic

A

involuntary control

118
Q

what is sympathetic

A

whole body
flight or fight

119
Q

what is parasympathetic

A

organ specific
rest and digest

120
Q

what tissues do the sympathetic and parasympathetic supply nerves to

A

both to most of them

121
Q

how many efferent neurons and peripheral ganglia is there

A

two

122
Q

where does integration occur in

A

ganglia

123
Q

what is the size of the preganglionic neurons in (para) sympathetic system

A

syp- short
para- long

124
Q

what is the size of the postganglionic neuron in the (para) sympathetic system

A

syp- long
para- short

125
Q

what kind of effects does the sympathetic division have

A

more wide spread (whole body) effects

126
Q

what kind of effects does the parasympathetic division have

A

more organ specific effects

127
Q

what does the sympathetic division do to the body

A

-relaxes (inhibits) airway (more O2)
-increases heart beat and force of contraction (stimulates)(more blood flow)
-inhibits digestion and stomach activity

128
Q

what does the parasympathetic division do to the body

A

-constricts (stimulates) airways
-slows heartbeat (inhibits)
-stimulates digestion and stomach activity

129
Q

what does tissue specific responses depend on

A

neurotransmitters and type of receptor in effector cell

130
Q

what the neurotransmitters and receptor for preganglionic fibers of both (para) sympathetic divisions

A

acetylcholine/nicotinic receptors

131
Q

what the neurotransmitters and receptor for preganglionic fibers of sympathetic divisions

A

norepinephrine/adrenoceptors

132
Q

what the neurotransmitters and receptor for preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic divisions

A

acetylcholine/muscarinic receptor

133
Q

when is the sympathetic nervous system active and what are some example physiology

A

-when the body energy stores need to be used
-flight & fight system

-inhibits digestive tract (NOR via alpha-adrenoceptor)
-stimulates heart (nor epinerfin via beta-adrenoceptor)

134
Q

when is the parasympathetic nervous system active and what are some example physiology

A

-more active when body energy stores are being conserved/restored
-rest and digest system

-stumulates digestive tract (acytolcholine via M3 receptors)
-inhibits heart (acytolcholine via M2 receptors)

135
Q

what determines if the body is in sympathetic or parasympathetic responce

A

-both are always activated
-overall effect depends on which is more active

136
Q

what is a digram flow form th

A

Bio 224.3 (12 decks)

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