1.3.Englands Relations With Scotland And Other Foreign Powers 1485-1509 (henry VII)

Question 1

What was Henry’s main concerns with foreign policy?

Answer 1

Wanted to maintain positive relations with foreign powers to ensure :
• national security (defence)
• recognition of the Tudor dynasty
• defence of English trading interests

Question 2

What was the hundred year war ? Did Henry want to continue this ?

Answer 2

Conflict that lasted on and off from 1337 to 1453 and was fought between England and the country seen by many English as the traditional enemy: France

Question 3

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1487?

Answer 3

The French invasion of Brittany

Question 4

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1488?

Answer 4

Anglo-French truce

Question 5

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1489?

Answer 5

Treaty of Redon between England and Brittany

Treaty of medina deal campo between England and Spain

Question 6

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1492?

Answer 6

England invades France

Treaty of Etaples between England and France

Question 7

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1496?

Answer 7

Magnus intercursus

Scotland invades England

Question 8

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1497?

Answer 8

Truce of ayton between England and Scotland

Question 9

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1501?

Answer 9

Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon

Question 10

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1502 ?

Answer 10

Death of prince Arthur

Question 11

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1503?

Answer 11

Marriage of princess Margaret and Jamie’s IV of Scotland

Question 12

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1504?

Answer 12

Death of queen Isabella of Castile

Question 13

KEY CHRONOLOGY: Foreign Relations During The Reign Of Henry VII

What happened in 1506?

Answer 13

Philip of burgundy and Juana of Castile in England (January )
Malus intercursus
Death of Philip of burgundy (September)

Question 14

BRITTANY AND FRANCE

What was Henry’s first major foreign policy?

Answer 14

Henry’s first major foreign policy came in Brittany, a fiefdom of the French crown which has enjoyed effective independence

Question 15

BRITTANY AND FRANCE

Why did Henry summon a parliament in 1489? What were the reasons for this?

Answer 15

To grant him extraordinary revenue to raise an army against the French.
He did this for two main reasons:
• his sense of obligation to the Bretons
• his fear that direct French control of Brittany could increase a potential French threat to England

Question 16

BRITTANY AND FRANCE

What was the name of the treaty England and France agreed on in February 1489?

Answer 16

Treaty of Redon

Question 17

BRITTANY AND FRANCE

What did the treaty of Redon cover ?

Answer 17

The duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from French threat.

Henry was also trying to strengthen the alliance with Maximilian who had contracted a marriage by proxy with anne and had no desire for the duct of Brittany to fall into French hands
What

Question 18

BRITTANY AND FRANCE

What happen with Anne, the English and the French?

Answer 18

The English army went to Brittany but Anne fearing the prolonged resistance to the French reluctantly married Charles VIII leavening the English army marooned in Brittany, Maximilian lost interest in the matter leaving henry in a difficult position

Question 19

BRITTANY AND FRANCE

Who seeked backing in France and how did this progress and effect henry?

Answer 19

Perkin Warbeck was seeking French backing for his claim to the English throne
In his first foreign adventure henry had an immediate setback

Question 20

BRITTANY AND FRANCE

What did Henry do to France in 1492?

Answer 20

Launched an invasion on France in 1492 late in the campaigning season - strategic
French quickly sought peace settlement
H advisors gambolled that Charles VIII was more interested in Italian invasion in
Treaty of etaples made

Question 21

BRITTANY AND FRANCE

What treaty was made between France and England in 1492? And what did it involve ?

Answer 21

Treaty of Etaples November 1492
Charles VIII agreed to withdraw support for warbeck
Pay pension to Henry
Improved financial position and relatively cordial Anglofrench relations

Question 22

BURGUNDY, THE NETHERLANDS AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Where did the bulk of England’s exports go through?

Answer 22

Netherlands ports
Antwerp and Bruges
Came under burgundy’s jurisdiction

Question 23

BURGUNDY, THE NETHERLANDS AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Why did England have to keep relatively positive relations with burgundy?

Answer 23

England’s exports went through Netherlands ports and therefore came under burgundy’s jurisdiction.
Important for commercial reasons for good relations

Question 24

BURGUNDY, THE NETHERLANDS AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Who made English burgundy relationships difficult?

Answer 24

The presence of Margaret duchess of burgundy
Sister of Edward iv and Richard iii
Leading upholder of yorkist cause
Margret - stepson in law - Maximilian HRE

Question 25

BURGUNDY, THE NETHERLANDS AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE | Explain the deterioration of the relationship between England and burgundy

Answer 25

Relations deteriorated as a result of the hospitality which Maximilian and Philip were offering to perkin warbeck Can we gamble that putting in Bago on English trade with Burgundy would ease the matter This caused problems with Henry‘s foreign policy aims - Securing the Dynasty and encouraging trade - putting them in conflict with each other This showed that Henry was prepared to sacrificed the commercial interests of London and East Coast merchants which did nothing for his popularity in those parts of the country

Question 26

BURGUNDY, THE NETHERLANDS AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE | How did relations between burgundy and England improve

Answer 26

When Warlbeck left burgundy and Henry and Philip are able to agree the intercusus Magnus in 1496 push for the trade embargo to an end Anglo Burgundian relations became central to Henry’s foreign policy calculations in 1504 following death of Isabella Queen of Castile

Question 27

BURGUNDY, THE NETHERLANDS AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE | What is the treaty of Windsor?

Answer 27

The Treaty of Windsor was a new trade agreement (intercursus malus) following the death of Isabella Queen of Castile Henry showed the same forceful approach adopting in his domestic financial affairs • he demanded a trade deal which would’ve given a much stronger trading position to English merchants in the Netherlands however this had never been put into practice • Philip + Maximilian had agreed to handover the Yorkist fugitive the Earl of Suffolk who Henry promptly imprisoned in the tower • Henry had appeared to improve the English trading position and the security of the Dynasty

Question 28

SPAIN | Who ruled over Spain?

Answer 28

Spain was ruled over by Ferdinand and his wife Isabella it was a powerful state which Henry had hoped to develop good relations with

Question 29

SPAIN | What treaty was made between Spain and England? What did this entail?

Answer 29

The Treaty of Medina deal campo In 1489 it was important development for Henry it gave him some international peace and security The two monarchies of a mutual protection in the event of an attack They agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders The tree she arranged marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon who was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella

Question 30

SPAIN | What were the problems of the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

Answer 30

Arrangements for the royal marriage did not go smoothly Ferdinand reluctant to allow the marriage to go ahead as long as Henrys dynastic stability remained threatened by perkin warbeck The two Monarchs argued over the size of Catherine‘s dowery

Question 31

SPAIN | When where details of Arthurs and Catherine’s marriage agreed and when did the marriage take place

Answer 31

1499 the marriage details agreed | 1501 marriage took place

Question 32

SPAIN | Why did Arthur and Catherine‘s marriage break up

Answer 32

Arthur died in 1502

Question 33

SPAIN | What complications did Henry and Ferdinand have in 1502

Answer 33

Henry immediately suggested that Catherine should marry his second son Prince Henry the Ferdinand was reluctant to agree he did not need an English alliance and the proposed marriage would require a papal dispensation which could be arranged but it would be pricey In 1504 Henry lost his enthusiasm for the marriage when the death of Isabella made Ferdinand a less significant political figure this was during the resultant succession struggle with Spain between Ferdinand and Juana (Catherine of Aragon’s sister) Henry supported Juana Juana and her husband Philip a burgundy set sail for Spain in January 1506 but were forced to take refuge in England when there ship was wrecked at sea

Question 34

SPAIN | Who did Henry make the Treaty of Windsor with in 1506

Answer 34

Juana and her husband Philip of burgundy | It secured a stronger relationship between the three Monarchs

Question 35

SPAIN | What did the Treaty of Windsor secure

Answer 35

* The intercursus malus ~ restoring trade relations between England and burgundy * The return of the Earl of Suffolk~ securing Henry’s Dynasty * The proposed marriage for himself with Philip sister the Archduchess Margaret~ Aimed at strengthening Henry‘s rule after the death of his wife Elizabeth this marriage never happened * Henry’s recognition of Juana and Philip as rulers of Castile ~ strengthening the couples claim to the Spanish throne

Question 36

SPAIN | Whose death proved disastrous for Henry involving the Treaty of Windsor

Answer 36

Philip of Burgundy‘s death | was soon after the couples arrival in Spain

Question 37

SPAIN | Why did Philips death harm the treaty Of Windsor

Answer 37

* Juana , grief stricken, was described by her father as gone mad * this gave Ferdinand the opportunity once more to become Regent of Castile * This left Henry diplomatically isolated as once again he had been diplomatically outsmarted by a major European monarch * Ferdinand ensure that the marriage between Henry and Catherine would not take place in Henry VIIs life time though they did marry once Prince Henry had to come to the throne as King Henry VIII

Question 38

SCOTLAND | How were the relations between England and Scotland in 1485 - 1495

Answer 38

Anglo Scottish relations were tense

Question 39

SCOTLAND | Who offered hospitality to Perkin Warlbeck when he came of age in 1495?

Answer 39

King James IV of Scotland

Question 40

SCOTLAND | How long did Perkin Warlbeck stay at Scottish court for and what did he gain out of this?

Answer 40

Warlbeck stayed for two years at the Scottish court he received not only a pension but also an aristocratic marriage

Question 41

SCOTLAND | Who did Perkin Warlbeck Marry?

Answer 41

Lady Catherine Gordon

Question 42

SCOTLAND | Who cross the border between Scotland and England in 1496?

Answer 42

James encouraged Warlbeck to cross the border in 1496 with an army

Question 43

SCOTLAND | Explain Warbeck attack in 1496

Answer 43

The army was small it spent a little time in England and receive no support from the people of Northumberland it quickly retreated back over the border when it received news that English forces was making its way north from Newcastle

Question 44

SCOTLAND | What did Warlbeck attempted attack lead to

Answer 44

however this intent of an invasion led Henry To raise a larger army to launch an invasion of Scotland this decision had been important to political repercussions because it prompted a taxation rebellion the following year

Question 45

SCOTLAND | What did the Cornish rebellion mean to both England and Scotland

Answer 45

The Cornish rebellion shook Henry and it was evident that it was in the interests of both England and Scotland to secure an immediate truce

Question 46

SCOTLAND | What tree she came out of the Cornish rebellion and where did it take place

Answer 46

Truce/treaty of ayton | 1497

Question 47

SCOTLAND | what year did Anglo Scottish relations significantly improve

Answer 47

1498 onwards

Question 48

SCOTLAND | Why did Anglo Scottish relations improve 1498 onwards

Answer 48

Because of the truce at ayton James no longer had a need diplomatic keys for Warlbeck he had become tiresome he was executed in 1499

Question 49

SCOTLAND | What year was Warlbeck executed

Answer 49

1499

Question 50

SCOTLAND | Who was it agreed that James should marry

Answer 50

Henry‘s daughter the Princess Margaret 1501

Question 51

SCOTLAND | What year was the Treaty of perpetual peace sanctioned

Answer 51

1502

Question 52

SCOTLAND | What did the Treaty of perpetual Peace entail

Answer 52

The marriage alliance between James and Princess Margaret | Peace between Scotland and England

Question 53

SCOTLAND | What year did Margaret and James marry

Answer 53

1503

Question 54

SCOTLAND | Did Henry have any more trouble with Scotland from 1503 onwards

Answer 54

Scotland and England ha ha it’s good relations until the end of Henry‘s reign

Question 55

IRELAND | How far did Henry‘s power in Ireland extend

Answer 55

As far as the “pale”

Question 56

IRELAND | What is the “pale“ classified as

Answer 56

The area of land which surrounded Dublin

Question 57

IRELAND | where did the rest of the power in Ireland lie

Answer 57

With the descendants of the Anglo Norman Barons who settled there in the 12th century most important the Fitzgeralds and Butlers

Question 58

IRELAND | Who was the dominant figure in Ireland and what was his role

Answer 58

The the Earl of Kildare | Lord deputy of Ireland since 1477

Question 59

IRELAND | Did Henry and Kildare have good relations

Answer 59

He was feared by Henry because he had Yorkist sympathises

Question 60

IRELAND | Who did Killdare support and crowned King of Ireland in 1486

Answer 60

Lambert simnel

Question 61

IRELAND | Who did Killdare support in 1491 that aroused suspicion in Henry‘s eyes

Answer 61

Perkin Warlbeck

Question 62

IRELAND | Kildares actions that forced Henry into action:

Answer 62

Instead of relying on the established Irish aristocracy who are cheap but unreliable he attempted the most costly approach of rule of the pale through an Englishman back by an armed force He appointed infant son Prince Henry as lieutenant of Ireland and appointed to Edward Poynings as his deputy

Question 63

IRELAND | Was Poynings originally successful with his job?

Answer 63

He was initially successful in establishing right authority by the means of threat of force in the use of bribery he reinforced the success by requiring that Irish parliament could pass no law without the prior approval of English crown

Question 64

IRELAND | What was Poynings law

Answer 64

Poynings law 1495 what is the law introduce an island which meant that Irish parliament could pass no law without the prior approval of the English crown

Question 65

IRELAND | Why did Poynings not work well in Ireland for Henry

Answer 65

The strategy proved too expensive for henrys liking and the financial problems were made worse when Warlbeck return to Ireland in 1495

Question 66

IRELAND | What made Irish problems worse in 1495

Answer 66

Perkin Warlbeck return | He amassed a force which besieged the town of Waterford

Question 67

IRELAND | What did Warbeck return return lead to

Answer 67

Henry had to bring back Poynings and once again had to depend on the cheap option of using Killdare as his deputy

Question 68

IRELAND | How did relations with Killdare and Henry improve in 4096

Answer 68

By 1496 Kildare had decided that there was no benefit in supporting the Yorkist cause any longer and decided to save Henry loyally

Question 69

IRELAND | By what year did Henry secure a level of peace

Answer 69

1500

Question 70

SECURING THE SUCCESSION AND MARRIAGE ALLIANCES | did there appear to be any problems with the succession of Henry VII

Answer 70

No it appeared that Arthur would take over and he had a heir and a pare too if any problems did occur

Question 71

SECURING THE SUCCESSION AND MARRIAGE ALLIANCES | How many children did Henry VII have

Answer 71

Henry had four children that survived childhood | Arthur Henry Margaret and Mary

Question 72

SECURING THE SUCCESSION AND MARRIAGE ALLIANCES | What year did Arthur die

Answer 72

1502

Question 73

SECURING THE SUCCESSION AND MARRIAGE ALLIANCES | What year did Henry‘s wife die

Answer 73

Elizabeth of York died in 1503 shortly after giving birth to their eighth child Katherine who also died

Question 74

SECURING THE SUCCESSION AND MARRIAGE ALLIANCES | What affect did Arthur’s death in April 1502 have on the dynasty

Answer 74

increase the insecurity of the dynasty the heir to the throne was now the young Prince Henry which raised the issue what might happen if the King himself which it I Henry was still a child

Question 75

SECURING THE SUCCESSION AND MARRIAGE ALLIANCES | Did Henry face any other difficulties surrounding securing the dynasty

Answer 75

Yes around the time of Arthur‘s death the Earl of Suffolk seemed to be gaining influence and other problems

Question 76

SECURING THE SUCCESSION AND MARRIAGE ALLIANCES | When did Henry VII die

Answer 76

21st of April 1509 | Announced on the 23rd

Question 77

SECURING THE SUCCESSION AND MARRIAGE ALLIANCES | Who was executed surrounding Henry VIIs death

Answer 77

Empsom and Dudley

Question 78

SECURING THE SUCCESSION AND MARRIAGE ALLIANCES | Royal marriage alliances, foreign policy and the succession

Answer 78

X