14 Flashcards
(39 cards)
what were the early criticisms of the church?
- prestige of the church was hurt after babylonian captivity, great schism.
- church was corrupt, clergy was bad, excessively ritualistic
what were the criticisms of the clerk?
- immoral, ignorant, and pluralist (had many offices at same time)
- neglected celibacy rules, were drunk and gambled, were illiterate and had poor sermons
- frequently neglected responsibilities/provoked nationalistic resentment
- cleric had privelages/were exempt from taxes
who was martin luther?
- german priest who pasted/confessed regularly
- wrote 95 theses to archbishop albert saying that indulgences undermined sacredness of penance, downplayed importance of christian charity, and competed with preaching of god.
- posted on front of churches and read througout germany
who was johann tetzel?
hired by archbishop albert to run the sale of indulgences
-created slogans, drew up price charts for different sin forgiveness, was an effective salesman
what was the diet of worms?
luther was ordered to appear before a council, Charles V ordered him to recant but luther refused
who was ulrich zwingli?
a swiss humanist and priest wo admired arasmus
- attacked indulgences, clerical celibacy
- city authorities agreed with his s wish to destroy clergy privelages.
what did protestants think about salvation, religious authority, and the church?
- thought salvation came from faith alone VS catholics thought good work played role
- thought that religious texts were scripture and biblical, catholics believed in traditional teaching
- protestants thought that spiritual priesthood was in all believers VS catholic hierarchy.
what is the eucharist?
the question of what bread and wine consumption stands for. Catholics believed it was the actual body/blood of jesus, luther believed it was symbol of last supper
what was the Colloquy of Marburg?
united protestants, but could not solve the eucharist debate
what was the appeal of protestant ideas?
- advocated humanist reforms like personal religion based on faith, centrality of scrpiture
- appealed to the common man who didn’t like churches wealth, and raised their own religious status
what enabled protestantism to spread?
- the printing press allowed luthers thoughts to spread
- protestants binded with political leaders, required christains to obey secular leaders
what was the first place protestantism was officially recognized?
denmark-norway under king christian III
- broke with church, clergy followed
- in northern norway there were violent reactions, gradual imposition
what were the causes of the german peasant war?
- worsening economic condition of farmer
- nobles seizing land, imposing rents on peasants
- crop failure of 1523, 24
what was luthers position on the peasant war?
initially sided with peasants, blamed nobles for robbing subjects
- said that nothing justified use of armed force
- at onset of war, luther sided with nobility, freedom from authority of rome didnt mean freedom from authority of nobles
- nobles crushed peasants
what role did marriage play in protestantism?
protestants rejected celibacy
- believed in spiritual equality for men and woman, but social hierarchy of husband authority and wife obedience
- believed in divorce/remarriage
- unmarried men and woman were suspect as not being in a godly society.
what did closing of convents do to woman?
- convents provided upper class woman scpoe for medical/literary talents. Marriage became only occupation after closure
- many woman fought reformation on this basis
what was the cause of the french/hapsburg war?
Frederick III arranged his son Maximillian to marry Mary of burgundy, which led to hapsburgs inheriting netherland/luxembourg/burgundy
- french considered burgundy theirs+went to war
- hapsburgs used marriage instead of war as diplomacy
Who was charles V?
because his family was the victim of many unexplained accidents, he inherited much of western europe
What were the political effects of the reformation?
- papacy began to appear italian instead of international
- monarchies began to secularize church property/accept lutheranism
- many political authorities in germany used issue to extend power+independence from emporer
what was the catholic/protestant conflict in switzerland?
- some cantons became catholic/others became protestant
- ulrich zwingli was killed in battle, peace treaty signed
- each canton (province) could determine own religion
What was the augsburg confession? peace of augsburg?
chalres v’s failed attempt to reunite lutherans and catholics.
after confession, protestant territories formed a military alliance, emporer could not respond militarily due to a war with france.
after war, charles v recognized lutheranism and allowed political authority in each territory to decide denomination
peace ended charles goal of united empire
Who was king henry viii?
-king of england who married catherine of aragorn, but wanted to divorce her to get a son
-pope clement was under charles v, wouldnt give him annulment
supremacy act of 1534-declared king the head of church of england.
what was the result in england of its break with rome?
- henry dissolved monastaries and took their wealth
- pilgrimage of grace; a massive rebellion that was the largest in englands history
- ultimate centralization of power
did ireland remain catholic?
while england claimed ireland and declared it independent, there was much catholic resistance.
