14 Flashcards
(20 cards)
failure of conception in a healthy couple with
regular sexual intercourse over a specific period, usually of one year
Infertility
This is the use of medical or surgical management to enable fertilization and conception to take place.
Assisted reproduction
It may take the form of introducing the male sperm
into the female reproductive tract, resulting in fertilization-in the fallopian tubes
(in vivo insemination).
It may also involve fertilizing the female ovum with male sperms outside the body, and introducing the resulting gamete to grow in the uterine cavity
In vitro fertilization, IVF).
The use of medical or surgical procedures to prevent pregnancy in a couple that have regular sexual intercourse. are available for
males and females.
Contraception
that attempts to reproduce a human by implanting a nucleus in a denucleated ovum. The resulting human has the genetic characteristics of the donor of the nucleus.
Reproductive cloning
An antenatal procedure to select a fetus with the desired gender.
Gender selection
This involves both medical and surgical management to resolve problems of indeterminate gender.
Gender change
This is a medical or surgical procedure to cause termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable to continue living.
Abortion or pregnancy termination
This is the time near the end of the woman’s fertile life, when menstruation stops due to hormonal changes. This period is characterized by several
medical problems caused by hormonal imbalances.
Menopause
Onco-fertility
Cancer treatment by radiotherapy and chemotherapy may adversely affect
reproductive function. It is therefore recommended….
that ova and semen be
withdrawn and stored in cold storage before treatment. They can be retrieved
after treatment and used in IVF procedures to ensure childbearing for cancer
victims.
Menopause
Women coming to the end of their reproductive life experience many health problems because……………….
…………….. can help many of the problems of menopause, but
it poses a risk of ……………. The ethical dilemma is how
to balance the benefits of HRT with its risks. In the final analysis, the decision is ………………………………..
of hormonall changes and imbalances.
Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT)
breast and other types of cancer
made on a case-by-case basis. Following the decision to use HRT, close monitoring is ethically required for early signs and symptoms of cancer.
Gender selection
There is no consensus on use of artificial methods, which include
separation of male sperms by centrifuging and in vitro insemination, gender preselection and implanting only zygotes of the desired gender with in vitro fertilization,
or gender change by genetic engineering, exposure of fetuses to specific hormones to produce the desired phenotype,
and gender reassignment
operations.
……………..procedures are allowed for those with an indeterminate
gender, for example when someone has both male and female anatomical and
physiological characteristics. The decision to make the person male or female is based on the underlying genotype or the predominant gender, which is
assessed anatomically, functionally, or as a result of socialization.
…………… procedures carried out on persons with normal anatomical features, but who psychologically desire)to be the opposite gender
Gender correction
Gender change
It is not allowed to use sperm or ova from a dead spouse because that would lead to an ……………
In a similar way, preserved ova or sperm cannot be used after……………………….
out-of-wedlock birth. The marital relationship is terminated at the death of either spouse.
dissolution of the marriage by
divorce.
Excess embryos from IVF procedures have human life and cannot be destroyed. They also cannot be stored forever because of the costs involved.
Legal experts have permitted their use in
scientific research
if it can be proven to lead to better medical care.
Decisions on contraception must be based by mutual consent between the husband and wife. If the life and health of the wife will be endangered by pregnancy, the husband’s consent to contraception
……….
is not required.
Marriage and reproduction are
Contraception is
contraception by coitus interruptus is …………….
obligatory, wajib (واجب
mubaah (مباح ) or mustahabb (مستحب
permissible
Contraception
The permissible reversible methods for males are the ……….,
- condom
- coltus saxonicus consisting of squeezing the urethra, at the base of the penis immediately prior to ejaculation
- coitus reservätus (deliberate delaying or avoidance of orgasm during intercourse), and
- coitus interruptus :sexual
intercourse deliberately interrupted by withdrawal of the penis from the vagina
prior to ejaculation).
Permissible reversible methods for females are either
mechanical (the diaphragm, the cervical cap, or the vaginal sponge)
chemical/hormonal
(spermicides and oral contraceptive pills). Some forms of IUD are not
permitted because they cause early abortion. The safest and perhaps the least
effective is the rhythm method.
Medical reasons for pregnancy termination usually relate to a
Social reasons are usually associated with “
grave risk to the mother’s life and health if the pregnancy
continues.
“Unwanted pregnancy” is associated with general social determinants (hedonistic lifestyles, sexual transgression, addiction to drugs, fear of poverty, and low female status) and specific antecedent causes (sexual crimes, egoistic
greed, maternal/fetal disease, and gender discrimination).
The law prescribes severe punitive measures for causing abortion of a fetus.
…….. is paid if the fetus comes out with signs of life and dies thereafter.
،،،،،،، which is less than diya, is paid if the fetus comes out dead.
Diya (aus)ديهة Ghurrat (ö,ill),
