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CVPR Exam I COPY > 14. ANS Phys > Flashcards

14. ANS Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Visceral sensory information is conveyed via the _____ in the medulla.

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

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2
Q

_____ such as propranolol are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and coronary artery disease.

A

Beta-blockers

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3
Q

Axons pass through the spinal trunk to innervate postganglionic sympathetic neurons located in the ___ and _____.

A

celiac and mesenteric ganglia

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4
Q

____ ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the SNS.

A

1:10

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5
Q

Postganglionic neurons exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (unmyelinated) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach?

A

sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc

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6
Q

• Angiotensin II: – Constricts blood vessels – Acts on kidney to increase water retention – Activates neurons in ______

A

subfornical organ

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7
Q

The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the _____ to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs

A

splanchnic nerves

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8
Q

PNS neurons are located in the _____ (paravertebral chain ganglia).

A

ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

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9
Q

The β2 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?

A

Butaxamine

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10
Q

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by _____.

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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11
Q

The nicotinic receptor is a _____ channel.

A

ligand-gated, non-selective cation

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12
Q

To counteract the bronchoconstriction that occurs in asthma or severe anaphylactic reactions, ____ or a more selective _____ is administered to initiate bronchodilation.

A

epi; β2 agonist

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13
Q

The ______ is a ligand-gated, non-selective cation channel.

A

nicotinic receptor

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14
Q

What is another name for an adrenergic receptor antagonist?

A

parasympathomimetic

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15
Q

There are two types of cholinergic receptors to which ACh binds and elicits a cholinergic response: ____ and _____.

A

nicotinic; muscarinic

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16
Q

The β1 adrenergic receptor: CV-related action of agonist? Agonist example?

A

Increased heart rate Dobutamine

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17
Q

There are two types of cholinergic receptors to which ____ binds and elicits a cholinergic response: nicotinic and muscarinic.

A

ACh

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18
Q

The α1 adrenergic receptor: - CV-related action of agonist? - Agonist example?

A

vasoconstriction in skin Phenylephrine

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19
Q

What is a cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called?

A

a ganglion

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20
Q

____ ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the PNS.

A

1:3

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21
Q

The postganglionic sympathetic neurons involved in regulation of the GI tract are located in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia. Their axons form the _____ innervating the abdominal viscera.

A

perivascular plexuses

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22
Q

In contrast to the somatic (motor) nervous system that controls skeletal muscle contraction, the autonomic nervous system is characterized by a _____ between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral target organ.

A

two-neuron link

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23
Q

____ causes renin to be released from the kidneys.

A

Low blood pressure

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24
Q

Beta-blockers such as propranolol are used to treat _____ and _____.

A

hypertension (high blood pressure); coronary artery disease

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25
Q

1:10 ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the ____ nervous system.

A

sympathetic

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26
Q

How are NE or ACh released?

A

exocytosis

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27
Q

Postganglionic neurons exit the spinal trunk through the ______ (unmyelinated) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach the sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.

A

gray rami communicans

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28
Q

The α2 adrenergic receptor: CV-related action of agonist? Agonist example?

A

Presynaptic inhibition of NE release; some vasoconstriction Clonidine

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29
Q

The _____ is organized in the medulla with afferent information transmitted in the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).

A

baroreflex

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30
Q

The α2 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?

A

Trazodone

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31
Q

ACh acts on the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons and causes ____ and ____ of the postganglionic neuron.

A

depolarization; firing

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32
Q

The _____ of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in brainstem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord.

A

preganglionic neurons

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33
Q

The parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons use ____ as their neurotransmitter and are characterized by short axons.

A

ACh

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34
Q

Axons pass through the spinal trunk to innervate _____ located in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia.

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurons

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35
Q

_____ acts on the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons and causes depolarization and firing of the postganglionic neuron.

A

ACh

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36
Q

The ____ exit the brainstem in cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus).

A

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

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37
Q

Transmission over the preganglionic fibers is relatively fast because they are composed of ______.

A

myelinated fibers

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38
Q

______ results in decreased heart rate and force of contraction.

A

Increased parasympathetic output

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39
Q

Mainly _____ receptors are present in the cell body of postganglionic neurons of the autonomic ganglia whereas _____ receptors are present on the effector cells of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

A

nicotinic; muscarinic

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40
Q

Low blood pressure causes renin to be released from _____.

A

the kidneys

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41
Q

The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the ______ of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.

A

intermediolateral column

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42
Q

Mainly nicotinic receptors are present in the _____ whereas muscarinic receptors are present on the effector cells of _______.

A

cell body of postganglionic neurons of the autonomic ganglia ; cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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43
Q

Increased parasympathetic output results in _____.

A

decreased heart rate and force of contraction

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44
Q

_____ are characterized by long axon, ACh, and they innervate postganglionic neurons in ganglia near the effector organs.

A

parasympathetic, preganglionic fibers

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45
Q

Axons pass through the _____ to innervate postganglionic sympathetic neurons located in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia.

A

spinal trunk

46
Q

Beta-blockers such as _____ are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and coronary artery disease.

A

propranolol

47
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release _____ as their neurotransmitter.

A

norepinephrine

48
Q

_____ exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (unmyelinated) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach the sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.

A

Postganglionic neurons

49
Q

The splanchnic nerves contain _____ arising from the lower 7 thoracic spinal levels.

A

preganglionic axons

50
Q

Transmission over the _____ is relatively fast because they are composed of myelinated fibers.

A

preganglionic fibers

51
Q

After passing through the white ramus communicans (______) and entering the sympathetic trunk, they branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.

A

myelinated

52
Q

The axons from these preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord in the _____ of the corresponding spinal nerves.

A

ventral roots

53
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists of the _____ and the ______.

A

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

54
Q

Vasopressin (aka ADH) • Low blood pressure is detected by ______…. • Which causes release of vasopressin in posterior pituitary… • Which causes vasoconstriction… • Which acts on kidneys to increase water retention

A

subfornical organ

55
Q

The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in _____ and in the _____.

A

brainstem nuclei; sacral spinal cord

56
Q

What is another name for an adrenergic receptor agonist?

A

sympathomimetic

57
Q

• Angiotensin II: – ______ – Acts on kidney to increase water retention – Activates neurons in subfornical organ

A

Constricts blood vessels

58
Q

_____ is conveyed via the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla.

A

Visceral sensory information

59
Q

• Angiotensin II: – Constricts blood vessels – Acts on kidney to ______ – Activates neurons in subfornical organ

A

increase water retention

60
Q

The axons from these preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of the corresponding _____.

A

spinal nerves

61
Q

_____ (aka ADH) • Low blood pressure is detected by subfornical organ…. • Which causes release of ______ in posterior pituitary… • Which causes vasoconstriction… • Which acts on kidneys to increase water retention

A

vasopressin

62
Q

The postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons located in thoracic levels ____ of the spinal cord.

A

6-9

63
Q

The adrenal medulla functions as a neuroendocrine gland because its postganglionic cells secrete _____ (80-90%) and ______ (10-20%) into the bloodstream.

A

epinephrine; norepinephrine

64
Q

_____ are located in the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral chain ganglia).

A

PNS neurons

65
Q

_____ located in the brainstem or spinal cord connect to ______ located in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS.

A

Preganglionic neurons; postganglionic neurons

66
Q

The parasympathetic, preganglionic fibers are characterized by?

A

long axons ACh innervate postganglionic neurons in ganglia near the effector organs

67
Q

• _______: – Constricts blood vessels – Acts on kidney to increase water retention – Activates neurons in subfornical organ

A

Angiotensin II

68
Q

The postganglionic neurons project to _____ where they innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands.

A

the target organ

69
Q

_____ is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

A

Acetylcholine

70
Q

The β2 adrenergic receptor: - CV-related action of agonist? - Agonist example?

A

Increased heart rate; vasodilation in skeletal muscle Albuterol

71
Q

Increased sympathetic output causes _____, while decreased sympathetic output causes ______.

A

vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased force of contraction; vasodilation

72
Q

After passing through the white ramus communicans (myelinated) and entering the sympathetic trunk, they branch to innervate _______ in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.

A

postganglionic neurons

73
Q

The preganglionic neurons of the ____ are located in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.

A

SNS

74
Q

PNS neurons are located in the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (_____).

A

paravertebral chain ganglia

75
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

a cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

76
Q

The baroreflex is organized in the _____ with afferent information transmitted in the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).

A

medulla

77
Q

The β1 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?

A

Atenolol

78
Q

1:3 ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the _____ nervous system.

A

parasympathetic

79
Q

The ______ of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.

A

preganglionic neurons

80
Q

The adrenal medulla functions as a _____ because its postganglionic cells secrete epinephrine (80-90%) and norepinephrine (10-20%) into the bloodstream.

A

neuroendocrine gland

81
Q

The _____ are organized in the pons, and the pupillary reflexes are organized in the _____.

A

respiratory reflexes; midbrain

82
Q

Visceral sensory information is conveyed via the nucleus of the solitary tract in the _____.

A

medulla

83
Q

The baroreflex is organized in the medulla with afferent information transmitted in the _____.

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)

84
Q

To counteract the bronchoconstriction that occurs in asthma or severe anaphylactic reactions, epinephrine or a more selective β2 agonist is administered to initiate _______.

A

bronchodilation

85
Q

ACh acts on the ______ receptors on postganglionic neurons and causes depolarization and firing of the postganglionic neuron.

A

nicotinic cholinergic

86
Q

The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the intermediolateral column of the _____ and _____ segments of the spinal cord.

A

thoracic; upper lumbar

87
Q

After passing through the _______ (myelinated) and entering the sympathetic trunk, they branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.

A

white ramus communicans

88
Q

The postganglionic sympathetic neurons involved in regulation of the GI tract are located in the ____ and _____. Their axons form the perivascular plexuses innervating the abdominal viscera.

A

celiac; mesenteric ganglia

89
Q

The _____ functions as a neuroendocrine gland because its postganglionic cells secrete epinephrine (80-90%) and norepinephrine (10-20%) into the bloodstream.

A

adrenal medulla

90
Q

_____ release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.

A

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

91
Q

The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers exit the brainstem in cranial nerves ____, ____, _____, and ____.

A

III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus)

92
Q

The respiratory reflexes are organized in the _____, and the _____ are organized in the midbrain.

A

pons; pupillary reflexes

93
Q

The _____ contain preganglionic axons arising from the lower 7 thoracic spinal levels.

A

splanchnic nerves

94
Q

The splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic axons arising from the _____.

A

lower 7 thoracic spinal levels

95
Q

After passing through the white ramus communicans (myelinated) and entering the ______, they branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.

A

sympathetic trunk

96
Q

Postganglionic neurons exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (______) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach the sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.

A

unmyelinated

97
Q

The postganglionic cells in the _____ are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons located in thoracic levels 6-9 of the spinal cord.

A

adrenal medulla

98
Q

The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the ____, ____, _____, and _____.

A

colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs

99
Q

The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the ____ of the parasympathetic system travel in the splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs

A

sacral portion

100
Q

The α1 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?

A

Doxazosin

101
Q

The axons from the _____ in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs

A

preganglionic neurons

102
Q

The postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla are innervated by ______ located in thoracic levels 6-9 of the spinal cord.

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

103
Q

The preganglionic neurons of the ____ are located in brainstem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord.

A

PNS

104
Q

The role of the autonomic nervous system is to _____.

A

maintain homeostasis in the internal environment

105
Q

Preganglionic neurons located in the ____ or ____ connect to postganglionic neurons located in _____ outside the CNS.

A

brainstem; spinal cord; autonomic ganglia

106
Q

The postganglionic fibers are ______.

A

unmyelinated

107
Q

The parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons use ACh as their neurotransmitter and are characterized by ____ axons.

A

short

108
Q

______ causes vasoconstriction, while _____ causes vasodilation.

A

Increased sympathetic output; decreased sympathetic output

109
Q

The ______ use ACh as their neurotransmitter and are characterized by short axons.

A

parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons

110
Q

The ______ is considered the “head ganglion” of the autonomic nervous system, because it integrates information from several brain regions in order to convey the needs of the organism to the preganglionic autonomic centers in the brainstem and spinal cord.

A

hypothalamus

111
Q

Low blood pressure causes _____ to be released from the kidneys.

A

renin

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