1.4 - Attitudes to Empire and Role of Individuals

Question 1

Who was David Livingstone?

Answer 1

A Scottish explorer and missionary doctor known for his travels in Africa in the 1840s+50s

Question 2

What was the primary goal of David Livingstone’s explorations?

Answer 2

To open a path for commerce and Christianity.

However he famously only converted one person

Question 3

What significant geographical features did David Livingstone discover?

Answer 3

• Zambezi Falls (later Victoria Falls, 1855)

Question 4

What was the title of David Livingstone’s bestselling book?

Answer 4

Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa.

Question 5

How many copies did Livingstone’s book sell in seven months?

Answer 5

28,000 copies.

Question 6

What were the causes of David Livingstone’s death?

Answer 6

Malaria

Question 7

Who was John Kirk?

Answer 7

A Scottish physician and chief medical officer for Livingstone’s Zambezi expedition.

Question 8

What was John Kirk’s role in Zanzibar?

Answer 8

He was a medical officer, vice-consul, and negotiated control from the sultan to the Imperial British East African Company.

Question 9

What commercial interests did Zanzibar have for Britain?

Answer 9

• Clove exports
• Ivory exports

Question 10

Who was Sir Richard Burton?

Answer 10

A linguistic scholar, explorer, soldier, diplomat, and adventurer that spoke 29 languages

Question 11

Which important African lakes did Burton explore?

Answer 11

Lake Tanganyika.

Question 12

What was the nature of Burton’s motivation for exploration?

Answer 12

His spirit of adventure.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: David Livingstone wrote approximately _____ letters about his exploration of the Zambezi river.

Answer 13

2000.

Question 14

True or False: John Kirk and Livingstone were committed to maintaining the slave trade in Africa.

Answer 14

False.

Question 15

Who was John Speke?

Answer 15

An explorer who joined Burton on the quest to find the source of the Nile.

Question 16

What significant geographical feature did John Speke discover?

Answer 16

Lake Victoria, which he argued was the source of the Nile.

Question 17

What was the purpose of Stanley’s expedition from 1869-71?

Answer 17

To find Livingstone.

Question 18

What role did missionaries play in the empire?

Answer 18

They sought to spread Christianity and convert populations.

Question 19

What were Missionary Societies?

Answer 19

Organisations that aimed for world-wide conversion

Question 20

Which groups were involved in Missionary Societies?

Answer 20

Anglicans, Roman Catholics, Methodists

Question 21

What did Missionary Societies produce to gain support?

Answer 21

Pamphlets to relay stories and gain financial backers.

Question 22

Why did people become missionaries?

Answer 22

Out of moral compulsion and deep religious conviction.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: Missionaries hoped to create Christian bases that would become _______.

Answer 23

self-financing, self-governing, and expansionist

Question 24

True or False: Many missionaries returned home safely after their missions.

Answer 24

False.

Question 25

What role did missionary societies play in British imperialism? (5)

Answer 25

* Establishing links with indigenous communities * Seeking imperial protection * Acting as local trading agents * Sharing geographical and strategic knowledge * Acting as intermediaries between indigenous populations and colonial authorities

Question 26

Who was John Mackenzie and what was his influence?

Answer 26

He pressured the British government to establish a protectorate over Bechuanaland and became its Deputy Commissioner

Question 27

How did missionaries perceive Africa compared to India?

Answer 27

Africa was seen as 'virgin territory' with primitive beliefs, while India had a sophisticated civilisation with entrenched beliefs

Question 28

What social reforms were introduced by women missionaries such as Mary Slessor in India? (3)

Answer 28

* Educating women * Preventing girls from being used as temple prostitutes * Banning the practice of Sati (widow burning)

Question 29

What were missionaries known to offer to local populations? (3)

Answer 29

* Material gain * Education * Christianity

Question 30

What was the impact of missionaries in Nigeria between 1886-1895?

Answer 30

There were more Anglicans in Nigeria than in England

Question 31

What was the number of missionaries in the field by the end of the 19th century?

Answer 31

Approximately 12,000 missionaries

Question 32

What was Lord Salisbury's view on missionaries?

Answer 32

He denounced them as vulgar radicals

Question 33

Who was Cecil Rhodes and what was his contribution to British imperialism? (3)

Answer 33

He was a colonial administrator who: * Annexed territory around the Zambesi river * Founded the British South Africa Company * Amassed wealth from diamond mining (owned 90% of worlds diamond mines)

Question 34

What was William Mackinnon's role in East Africa?

Answer 34

He founded the Imperial British East Africa Company and helped establish British control in the region

Question 35

Fill in the blank: Cecil Rhodes annexed territory around the _______ river.

Answer 35

Zambesi

Question 36

Who were 4 notable individuals that started as explorers, missionaries, or traders?

Answer 36

William Mackinnon, Cecil Rhodes, George Goldie, John Kirk.

Question 37

What was Sir Evelyn Baring's title?

Answer 37

Earl of Cromer in 1901

Question 38

What action did Frere take regarding the Zulus?

Answer 38

He deliberately provoked a war with the Zulus in December 1878

Question 39

What was the outcome of the Zulu War for the British forces?

Answer 39

The British forces suffered a shocking defeat at Isandlwana in January 1879.