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epi Flashcards

1
Q

It is a statistical technique that can show whether and how strongly pairs of variables are related

A

Correlation

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2
Q

It is a relation in terms of characteristics

A

Correlation

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3
Q

It is needed to obtain a measure of relatedness

A

Correlation coefficient

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4
Q

Correlation coefficient ranges from or between from

A

-1 and one

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5
Q

If the score is high on X and y the result is

A

Positive

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6
Q

If the scores on X is high and scores on y is low the result is

A

Negative

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7
Q

Spread in a random manner, result is

A

Zero

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8
Q

All points lie on a straight line, the redult is

A

Perfect

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9
Q

It is an influence of one to another

A

Regression

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10
Q

It is the relationship of characteristics

A

Correlation

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11
Q

It is expressed on a line and x and y cannot be interchanged

A

Regression

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12
Q

It is not expressed on the line and x and y can be interchange

A

Correlation

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13
Q

This is a cause and affect

A

Regression

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14
Q

It is a relationship without change on one another

A

Correlation

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15
Q

It has one independent variable

A

Simple linear

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16
Q

It has multiple independent variables

A

Multiple linear

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17
Q

It is answerable by yes or no answers

A

Logistics

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18
Q

What are the three major uses for regression

A

Determining the strength of predictors, forecasting an effect, and forecasting trends

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19
Q

This is the portion of the total variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the variation in the independent variable

A

Coefficients of the termination

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20
Q

It measures of how well a statistical model predicts an outcome

A

coefficient of determination

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21
Q

This is also a regressand, outcome variable, Criterion variable, endogenous variable

A

Dependent variable

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22
Q

This is also called regressor, predictor variable, exogenous variable

A

Independent variable

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23
Q

It is a measurement of the value of Y if a new X value is fit into the equation

A

Regression

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24
Q

Symbol of estimated dependent variable score

A

y

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25
Q

Symbol of constant

A

c

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26
Q

Symbol of regression coefficient

A

b

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27
Q

Symbol of score on the independent variable

A

x

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28
Q

It determines the cost and effect relationship of two variables taken from a bivariate distribution

A

Regression

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29
Q

t or f: Wilcoxson does not compare stew sets of data from the same sample group taken at different times

A

False

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30
Q

t or f: paired test Compares two sets of data from the same sample group taken at different times

A

true

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31
Q

t or f: Paired focuses on median

A

false, it focuses on mean

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32
Q

t or f: Wilcoxson does not assume normality

A

true

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33
Q

t or f: Wilcoxson focuses on median

A

true

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34
Q

It is a test that do not require a distribution

A

Non-parametric test

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35
Q

It is a test that assumes abnormal distribution

A

Non-parametric test

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36
Q

t or f: One reason to use Wilcoxson is population size is too small

A

true

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37
Q

This is in non-parametric test equivalent of the period T test that does not assume anything about the underlying distribution

A

Wilcoxson signed rank test

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38
Q

Wilcoxson generally uses

A

Nominal, ordinal, and or continuous scale

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39
Q

This test used as an alternative not a substitute

A

Non-parametric test

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40
Q

t or f: One feature of Wilcoxson is when individuals are subjected to one condition

A

false, subjected to more than 1

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41
Q

t or f: One features of Wilcoxson is the investigation of changes in scores from one point of time to another

A

true

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42
Q

t or f: One reason to use Wilcoxson is population size is too large

A

false, it should be too small

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43
Q

Distribute one of the differences between the matched pair should be

A

Symmetrical

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44
Q

this Variables should consist or two Categorical,matched pairs or related groups.

A

Independent variables

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45
Q

This variable should be measured at the ordinal or continuous level

A

Dependent variable

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46
Q

It is a single sample mean versus a specified constant value

A

One sample

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47
Q

It is it to sample means from the same group taken at different times

A

paired sample t-test

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48
Q

It is a test of two sample means from two different groups

A

Independent sample t-test

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49
Q

A.k.a. correlated pairs/dependent sample t-test

A

paired sample t-test

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50
Q

It is a test that null hypothesis is that there is no difference

A

paired t test

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51
Q

A.k.a. uncorrelated/unrelated/unpaired Ttest

A

Independent sample t-test

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52
Q

It is the test used to compare means from two different groups

A

Independent sample t-test

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53
Q

test thaf Cannot compare sample means between two or more groups

A

One sample t-test

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54
Q

It is a test used to compare the means of two groups or two sets of data

A

T-test

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55
Q

a test thaf determine significant differences between means in between sets of data

A

T test

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56
Q

Three types of T test

A

One sample t-test, paired Sample t-test, and independent sample t-test

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57
Q

It is an excellent indicator of outliers as it is influenced by outliers

A

Standard deviation

58
Q

It is useful when comparing the spread of two separate data sets that have approximately the same mean

A

Standard deviation

59
Q

It is the most frequent value

A

Mode

60
Q

It is versatile and can be applied to any type of data and is not affected by extreme values

A

Mode

61
Q

A.k.a. the sample median or middle value

A

Median

62
Q

A.k.a. the average

A

Mean

63
Q

Mean is symbolized by an

A

X bar

64
Q

It is the sum of all the observations divided by the number of observation

A

Arithmetic mean

65
Q

The main limitation of mean is

A

Oversensitive to extreme values

66
Q

It is the probability that a null hypothesis will be rejected when it is needed.

A

Power

67
Q

It is the ability to correctly discern and reject null-hypotheses

A

Power

68
Q

It is the ideal power percentage

A

80 to 90%

69
Q

It is a type of error occurs when the non-parameter is not the true parameter but it is not rejected

A

Type 2 error or false negative

70
Q

It is a type of error occurs when the novel or a meter is the true parameter but they statistics provide evidence against it in short rejected

A

Type one error or false positive

71
Q

It is the cut off of the P value

A

0.05 or 5%

72
Q

P value that are considered small enough to reject the null hypothesis

A

Less than 0.05

73
Q

avalue that is used to be insured that the null parameter is not the true parameter

A

0.01 or 0.001

74
Q

P value for observational or Exploratory research

A

Less than 0.10

75
Q

It helps decide whether the null hypothesis is rejected

A

P value

76
Q

The smaller the P value the more likely you are to

A

Reject the null hypothesis

77
Q

null parameter is the true parameter

A

null hypothesis

78
Q

Hypothesis testing that the true parameter is not the null parameter

A

Alternative hypothesis

79
Q

It is a hypothesis testing that has an relationship between observe variables

A

Alternative hypothesis

80
Q

It is a hypothesis testing that has no significant relationship between observe variables

A

null hypothesis

81
Q

This hypothesis testing is proposed to be negated or disprove

A

null hypothesis

82
Q

This hypothesis testing proposes relationships or effects or claim

A

Alternative hypothesis

83
Q

t or f: the null parameter cannot be rejected as the true parameter when the observe statistics are far enough away from the center

A

false, it can be rejected

84
Q

t or f: Alternative hypothesis is when the null parameter is the true parameter

A

false, null hypothesis

85
Q

It is a range of values where are true value is included in

A

Confidence intervals

86
Q

Value that represents the population

A

True value

87
Q

What are the common confidence levels

A

90%, 95%, and 99%

88
Q

Standard error of 90%

A

1.645

89
Q

Standard error of 95%

A

1.96

90
Q

Standard error of 99%

A
  1. 58
91
Q

It is a singular value that represents work the set of observations tend to cluster

A

Measure of central tendency

92
Q

Value provide precise and objectively determined value that can be easily

A

Manipulated, interpreted, compared with one another

93
Q

Numerical summaries that describe the population

A

Parameters

94
Q

Numerical values that describe the sample

A

Statistics

95
Q

These values that are desired but cannot be directly obtained as it is not feasible

A

Parameters

96
Q

If the sample is a representative of the population, then the numerical summaries from the sample are good approximations of the population

A

Statistics

97
Q

It is the spread from the minimum to the maximum values

A

Range

98
Q

It is the dispersion of average values from mean

A

Standard deviation

99
Q

It is the ratio of standard deviation to mean

A

coefficient of variation

100
Q

Value of efficient variation

A

5%

101
Q

These are the measurements of value dispersion

A

Standard deviation, range, coefficients of variation

102
Q

These are the measurements of central tendencies

A

Mean, median and mode

103
Q

It is the description of how varied the responses are

A

The spread

104
Q

It is the description of average response

A

Center of distribution

105
Q

It uses for extreme values

A

Median

106
Q

The subject either belongs to a category or not

A

Counts

107
Q

It is the total number of subjects present in to said category or level is account

A

Count

108
Q

It does not interchange measurement methods

A

Continuous

109
Q

It uses median=range

A

Continuous

110
Q

This spread depends on the measurement of center

A

Continuous

111
Q

It is a categorical variable whose order matters

A

Ordinal

112
Q

It is a categorical variables whose order does not matter

A

Nominal

113
Q

It is a categorical variable that can be answered yes or no or two leveled variables

A

Dichotomous

114
Q

It kind of study design that highlight on the time point of collection

A

Cross-sectional study

115
Q

a kind of study design that uses surveys for responses at a particular point in time

A

Cross-sectional study

116
Q

It is a kind of study design that present and a the same time: outcome and variables

A

Cross-sectional study

117
Q

A study design that use of case subjects and control subjects

A

Case control study

118
Q

A study design that use difference Tatian of factors leading to classification

A

Case control study

119
Q

Hey study design that uses identification of an outcome

A

Retrospective study

120
Q

A study design that review of pre existing data

A

Retrospective study

121
Q

It is the study design of means of counter checking

A

Retrospective study

122
Q

It is the study design that used for uncommon outcomes

A

Retrospective study

123
Q

It is study design for medical research

A

Cohort study

124
Q

Cohort study uses the link between

A

Risk factors and health outcomes

125
Q

Study design that subjects are identified and followed for a period

A

Prospective study

126
Q

Study design which variables are measured and how they are measured, are decided by the investigator

A

prospective study

127
Q

It is how information or data will be collected

A

Study design

128
Q

It is a type of random sampling that use of order or selecting subject by assign numbers

A

Systematic random sampling

129
Q

A type of random sampling that can have potential existence of bias

A

Systematic random Sampling

130
Q

A type of random Sampling that use of strata and division of a large group into subgroups

A

Stratified random sampling

131
Q

It’s type of random something sampling that use equal chances for selection

A

Simple random sampling

132
Q

This type of random sampling may only be applicable for smaller population

A

Simple random

133
Q

Solution for biased sample

A

Random sampling and use of sampling frame

134
Q

The sample is unreliable and does not have the characteristic representation of the population

A

Biased sample

135
Q

It may be a product of convenience of the sample

A

Biased sample

136
Q

It is more a specific subject

A

Sample

137
Q

It is a general that covers all possible subjects of interest

A

Population

138
Q

Public health subjects can be

A

Human beings and materials that are either directly or indirectly correlated to humans

139
Q

Two types of diseases

A

Infectious and chronic diseases

140
Q

It is the core of epidemiology and buy a statics

A

Public health

biostat (6 decks)

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