Memory

Question 1

the process of putting information into a form that the memory system can accept and use

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

mental representations of stimuli as sounds

Answer 2

auditory memory (acoustic memory)

Question 3

mental representations of stimuli as pictures

Answer 3

visual memory

Question 4

memory for generalized knowledge about the world

Answer 4

semantic memory

Question 5

the process of maintaining information in the memory system over time

Answer 5

storage

Question 6

the process of finding information stored in the memory

Answer 6

retrieval

Question 7

retrieving information stored in memory without much help from retrieval clues

Answer 7

recall

Question 8

retrieving information stored in memory with the help of retrieval clues

Answer 8

recognition

Question 9

memory for events in one’s own past

Answer 9

episodic memory

Question 10

a type of memory containing information about how to do things

Answer 10

procedural knowledge (procedural memory)

Question 11

information retrieved through a conscious effort to remember something

Answer 11

explicit memory

Question 12

the unintentional recollection and influence of prior experiences

Answer 12

implicit memory

Question 13

a model that suggests that memory depends on the degree or depth to which we mentally process information

Answer 13

levels of processing model of memory

Question 14

a memorization method that involves repeating information over and over to keep it in memory

Answer 14

maintenance rehearsal

Question 15

a memorization method that relates new information to information already stored in memory

Answer 15

elaborative rehearsal

Question 16

a model that suggests that memory depends on how the encoding process matches up with what is later retrieved

Answer 16

transfer appropriate processing model of memory

Question 17

memory models in which new experiences are seen as changing one’s overall knowledge base

Answer 17

parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory

Question 18

a model that suggests that information must pass through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory in order to become firmly embedded in memory

Answer 18

information processing model of memory

Question 19

a type of memory that is very brief but lasts long enough to connect one impression to the next

Answer 19

sensory memory

Question 20

memory systems that briefly hold incoming information

Answer 20

sensory registers

Question 21

the sensory register for visual memory

Answer 21

iconic memory

Question 22

the process of focusing mental resources on only part of the stimulus field

Answer 22

selective attention

Question 23

a stage of memory in which information normally lasts less than twenty seconds; a component of working memory

Answer 23

short-term memory (STM)

Question 24

memory that allows us to work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory

Answer 24

working memory

Question 25

the maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items

Answer 25

immediate memory span

Question 26

organizing individual stimuli so that they will be perceived as larger units of useful information

Answer 26

chunking

Question 27

method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short-term memory

Answer 27

Brown-Peterson distractor technique

Question 28

the stage of memory that researchers believe has an unlimited capacity to store new information

Answer 28

long-term memory (LTM)

Question 29

a characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the first two or three items in a list

Answer 29

primacy effect

Question 30

a characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list

Answer 30

recency effect

Question 31

stimuli that allow or help people to recall information

Answer 31

retrieval cues

Question 32

a principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on how well it taps into information originally encoded

Answer 32

encoding specificity principle

Question 33

memories that are helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the contexts in which they are learned and recalled

Answer 33

context-specific memory (context-specific learning)

Question 34

memory that is helped or hindered by similarities or differences in a person’s internal state during learning versus recall

Answer 34

state-dependent memory (state-dependent learning)

Question 35

in semantic network theories of memory, a principle that explains how information is retrieved

Answer 35

spreading activation

Question 36

mental representations of categories of objects, places, events, and people

Answer 36

schemas

Question 37

a method for measuring forgetting

Answer 37

relearning method

Question 38

a description of forgetting as the gradual disappearance of information from memory

Answer 38

decay theory

Question 39

the process through which storage or retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information

Answer 39

interference

Question 40

a cause of forgetting whereby new information placed in memory interferes with the ability to recall information already in memory

Answer 40

retroactive inhibition

Question 41

a cause of forgetting whereby previously learned information interferes with the ability to remember new information

Answer 41

proactive inhibition

Question 42

a painful memory that is said to be kept out of consciousness by psychological processes

Answer 42

repressed memory

Question 43

a loss of memory for events that occur after a brain injury

Answer 43

anterograde amnesia

Question 44

a loss of memory for events that occurred prior to a brain injury

Answer 44

retrograde amnesia

Question 45

methods for organizing information in order to remember it

Answer 45

mnemonic strategies

Question 46

learning new information in many study sessions that are spaced across time

Answer 46

distributed practice

Question 47

trying to learn complex new information in a single long study period

Answer 47

massed practice