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Intro to Neuro Exam 1 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

Acetyl CoA and choline which are loaded into vesicles by ACh transporter

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2
Q

What kind of transporter is an ACh transporter?

A

Hydrogen antiporter

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3
Q

Where is Ach most commonly found?

A

In all motor neurons, ANS, and play a role in Alzheimer’s in CNS neurons

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4
Q

What is an organophosphate?

A

the toxin causes inhibition acetylcholinesterase (AChE) resulting in the accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse

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5
Q

What are nicotinic receptors?

A

A type of ionotropic receptor made up of 5 subunits (a and b found in CNS)

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6
Q

How is the nicotinic receptor activated?

A

2 Ach molecules need to bind to an alpha subunit

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7
Q

What is a muscarinic receptor?

A

Metabotropic (GPCR) receptors

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8
Q

What is a vGlut transporter?

A

an antiporter that uses H+ gradient to move glutamate into vesicles

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9
Q

What is an excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT)?

A

a symporter that move glutamate by allowing 2 Na+ ions into cell and responsible for reuptake

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10
Q

What is an AMPA receptor?

A

ionotropic receptors which allow for the influx of sodium leading to very fast transmission

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11
Q

What are NMDA receptors?

A

voltage-dependent ionotropic receptors with a Mg blocked pore to prevent the influx of calcium

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12
Q

What is unique about NMDA receptors?

A

they necessitate both the binding of glutamate and the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane for full activation and glycine as a co-agonist

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13
Q

What are the 3 classes of glutamate metabotropic receptors?

A

Gi, Go, Gq

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14
Q

How is GABA synthesized?

A

GAD requires requires co-factor pyridoxal phosphate to turn glutamate into GABA

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15
Q

How is GABA packaged into vesicles?

A

vesicular inhibitory AA Transpoter (VIAAT)

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16
Q

How is GABA re-uptaken?

A

GAT where it is degraded by multiple enzymes

17
Q

What are GABA-A receptors?

A

Ionotropic chloride receptors made up of 5 subunits that bind to depressants via 2a2b1y

18
Q

What are GABA-B receptors?

A

inhibitory metabotropic receptors that are dimers of B1 and 2

19
Q

What is glycine?

A

ionotropic chloride channels found in the spinal cord that are blocked by strychnine

20
Q

What is Tyrosine Hydroxylase​?

A

The rate limiting enzyme in synthesis of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

21
Q

What is vMAT?

A

Vesicular monoamine transporter loading neurotransmitter into vesicles

22
Q

How is DAT, NET, and SET broken down?

A

Recycled or broken down in cell by Monoamine Oxidase​ (MAO) & or catechol o-methyltransferase (COMT)​

23
Q

Where is norepinephrine found?

A

In locus coeruleus​ and plays a role in sympathetic nervous system

24
Q

Where is epinephrine found?

A

Lateral tegmental system and adrenal medulla

25
Q

What types of receptors do catecholamines have?

A

slow metabotropic receptors

26
Q

How is serotonin synthesized?

A

Tryptophan Hydroxylase

27
Q

Where is serotonin primarily located?

A

raphe nuclei or dorsal raphe

28
Q

What makes the 5HT3 receptor different?

A

unlike the GPRC’s, it is a ligand gated ion channel

29
Q

How is histamine synthesized?

A

Histidine Decarboxylase

30
Q

How is histamine broken down?

A

MAO or Histamine methyltransferase

31
Q

Where is histamine most commonly found?

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus​ in the hypothalamus

32
Q

What are purinergic receptors?

A

These can be ionotropic or metabotropic receptors that are excitatory in motor neurons in spinal cord

33
Q

How is nitric oxide synthesized?

A

Arginine converted to NO by Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)

34
Q

How does transmission work in endocannabinoids?

A

These are retrograde messengers that are released by Post-synaptic cell & act on Pre-synaptic terminal​

35
Q

What are endocannabinoids​ made of?

A

Lipid derivatives of Arachidonic Acid- Anandamide & 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)​

Intro to Neuro Exam 1 (3 decks)

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