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BIOL 215 > Major Ecological Communities > Flashcards

Major Ecological Communities Flashcards

1
Q

2 major types of communities

A
  • aquatic
  • terrestrial
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2
Q

2 major types of aquatic communities

A
  • marine
  • freshwater
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3
Q

6 types of marine communities

A
  • estuaries
  • intertidal
  • subtidal kelp beds
  • pelagic
  • deep sea
  • coral reefs
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4
Q

MLWN:

A

mean low water neap

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5
Q

MHWN:

A

mean high water neap

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6
Q

MLWS:

A

mean low water spring

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7
Q

MHWS:

A

mean high water spring

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8
Q

which is higher, MHWN or MHWS?

A

MHWS

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9
Q

which is lower, MLWN or MLWS?

A

MLWS

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10
Q

vertical zonation

A

length of time intertidal rock is exposed to air

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11
Q

due to vertical zonation, animals must ___ to a particular level

A

adapt

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12
Q

highest primary productivity of all communities on planet

A

subtidal kelp bed communtities

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13
Q

subtidal kelp bed communities provide ___ to shoreline communities

A

physical protection

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14
Q

subtidal kelp bed communities provide ___ and ____ for a large number of species

A

foraging, shelter

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15
Q

benthic zone

A

seafloor at all levels

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16
Q

pelagic zone

A

oceanic zone; open water above the ocean floor

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17
Q

epipelagic

A

0-200m below sea surface

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18
Q

mesopelagic

A

200-1000m below sea surface

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19
Q

bathypelagic

A

1000-4000m below sea surface

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20
Q

hadal

A

4000-6000 m below sea surface

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21
Q

what are bioherms?

A

deep water coral reefs

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22
Q

the largest ____ known is off norway at the base of the continental slope

A

bioherm

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23
Q

shallow coral reefs occur between ____

A

30 degrees N, 30 degrees S

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24
Q

fringing reef

A

a reef attached to the shore of a continent or island

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25
Q

barrier reef

A

a coral reef located away from the shore that creates a lagoon between the reef and the shore

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26
Q

atol

A

when a fringing reef continues to grow upward from a volcanic island that has sunk entirely below sea level. these are usually circular or oval in shape, with an open lagoon in the center

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27
Q

coral reefs

A
  • greatest species diversity of vertebrates on the planet
  • highly efficent recycling of nutrients
  • under major global threat
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28
Q

arctic

A

largely frozen ocean surrounded by land, ~4000m water depth, ice cover ~3m thick

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29
Q

the upper 15m of arctic seawater has _____ from large rivers

A

lower salinity

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30
Q

arctic waters have a highly complex layering of _____ and _____ waters

A

altanic, pacific

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31
Q

in the summer, the arctic has a high _____, which is important to __ and ___

A

abundance of plankton, arctic cod, seals

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32
Q

what is the major terrestrial predator in the arctic?

A

polar bear

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33
Q

antarctic

A

large frozen continent surrounded by oceans, ~98% ice cover, up to 2km in thickness

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34
Q

anarctic has _____ and _____

A

low species diversity, low primary productivty

35
Q

what lives in antarctica?

A

bacteria, lichens, penguins

36
Q

antarctic has no ____

A

terrestrial predator

37
Q

lake classifcation: clear water lakes

A

oligotrophic, low productivity

38
Q

lake classification: strained lakes

A

dystophic - low productivty

39
Q

lake classification: lake with intermediate productivity

A

mesotrophic

40
Q

lake classification: high productivity lakes

A

eutrophic

41
Q

lake stratification

A

lack of mixing of a lake due to differences in water temp (density) in summer

42
Q

lake strat: what is the mixing layer called?

A

epilimnion

43
Q

lake strat: what is the separating layer called?

A

thermocline

44
Q

lake strat: what is the cold water layer called?

A

hypolimnion

45
Q

order of lake strat layers from most to least oxygen rich

A

epi, thermocline, hypo

46
Q

lakes in the summer:

A
  • heat and oxygen are layered
  • 4-22 degrees
47
Q

lakes in winter

A
  • ice on top
  • 0-4 degrees
48
Q

lakes in fall

A
  • heat and oxygen are constant
  • 4 degrees
49
Q

what are the 7 terrestrial communities

A

tundra
temperate coniferous forest (aka taiga and temperate rainforest)
prairie
temperate deciduous forest
savanna
desert and semi-desert
tropical forest

50
Q

tundra

A
  • 3-6 months of darkness, ice and snow
51
Q

quality of plants that grow in tundra

A

cold-hardy plants

52
Q

tundra: how many strata? what are they?

A

3, soil, ground, low shrubs

53
Q

tundra: soil

A

permafrost - subsoil (>0.5m depth) permanently frozen all year
- surface soil thaws in summer

54
Q

what kind of insects live in the tundra?

A

aquatic, terrestrial

55
Q

what kind of birds live in the tundra?

A

shorebirds, waterfowl - seasonal migrants

56
Q

what kind of animals live in the tundra?

A

hare, fox, wolves, caribou, grizzly bear, polar bear

57
Q

temperate coniferous forests are split into two categories:

A
  • boreal forests (taiga)
  • temperature rainforest
58
Q

taiga: how many strata? what are they?

A

4, trees, shrubs, ground, soil

59
Q

taiga:

A
  • mostly conifers
  • few shrubs
  • ground layer of ferns and mosses
  • slow decomposition
  • seasonal migrants
60
Q

taiga: ____ summers, ____ winters

A

short, long and cold

61
Q

taiga:
occasional _____/_____ for residents in winter

A

hibernation, torpor

62
Q

temperate rainforest

A

ancient trees, 4 strata, high 3D structural complexity

63
Q

temp rainforest: multiple species of ____, high insect ____

A

fungi, mosses, angiosperms
- high insect diversity

64
Q

temperate rainforests hosts species-rich….

A

riparian zones

65
Q

which ecosystem has the highest biomass/ha ratio?

A

temperate rainforests

66
Q

temperate rainforest: 1000y for _____ of community structure after clear cutting

A

seral stage recovery

67
Q

tropical forests: how many strata? what are they?

A

6 strata, emergent trees up to 60 m, emergent, trees up to 20 m, lowest trees, shrubs, ground, root/soil

68
Q

tropical forests: emergent trees from the highest two strata form a _____

A

discontinuous canopy - sympodial growth rather than monopodial

69
Q

tropical forests: the lowest trees from the third highest strata form a ___

A

continuous canopy

70
Q

tropical forests: ___ and ____ form the shrub layer

A

tall herbs and ferns

71
Q

tropical forests: ___ and ___ form the ground layer

A

herbaceous plants, seedlings

72
Q

tropical forests: root/soil layer is ___ and ____

A

shallow, poorly developed

73
Q

tropical forests: what connects the root/soil layer to the highest layer of strata?

A

vines - lianas
- many epiphytes

74
Q

epiphyte

A

a plant that uses another plant for support but not for nourishment

75
Q

tropical forests: ____ species diversity, most _____

A

high, taxonomic groups

76
Q

tropical forests: high biological ____, high ____ of nutrients

A

turnover, recycling

77
Q

generally, the proportion of nitrogen stored above ground ____ as you get closer to the equator

A

increases

78
Q

atmospheric patterns: polar cell

A

the cell above 60 degrees N/S, cold dry air falls

79
Q

atmospheric patterns: ferrell cell

A

the cell between 30-60 degrees N/S, temperate deciduous forest and grasslands

80
Q

atmospheric patterns: hadley cell

A

the cell between 0-30 degrees N/S, tropical deciduous forest

81
Q

subsidence zone

A

cold dry air srinks, occurs between ferrell and hadley cell

82
Q

equator

A

hot moist air rises for form cumulus clouds here
- cools, rains at equator
- high cool dry air moves north and south and cools more

83
Q

desert and semi desert regions tend to be found on the _____ part of continents

A

western, are on border of ferrell and hardley cell

84
Q

major climatic variations are a result of ____ of earths surface during _____

A

uneven heating, orbit

BIOL 215 (10 decks)

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