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bio 106 and 107 > Principles of Biology > Flashcards

Principles of Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the suffixes for

Sugars and Enzymes

A

Sugar- Ose
Enzyme- Ase

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2
Q

What is the name of the process where a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound

A

Process- Hydrolysis

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3
Q

What is the difference between

Isomers and Isotopes

A

Isomers- Two molecules that use the same formula but different structures
Isotopes- Two molecules with the same amount of protons but different number of neutrons or same atomic number with different atomic mass

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4
Q

What is

Valence shell and the rule for number of electrons each shell can hold

A

Valence shell is the outermost shell in an atom with max amount of valence electrons being 8, and the order from first shell to third shell is 2,8,18 electrons per shell.

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5
Q

Name the type of atom

With 8 valence electrons

A

Noble/inert gases are the only atoms with 8 valence electrons.

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6
Q

Define each bond

Ionic bond
Covalent bond (polar and nonpolar)
Metallic bond
Hydrogen bond

A

Ionic bond- Formed when two atoms exchange electrons to create a positive and negative ion
Covalent- Formed when atoms share electrons to create a molecule. In a nonpolar covalent bond, electrons are shared equally. In polar covalent bonds, such as those found in water, electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom.
Metallic bond- Created when metal atoms lose their outermost electron to form positively charged ions.
Hydrogen bond- An attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds

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7
Q

What is the function of

Ribosomes

A

They synthesize protein according to directions from the nucleus

Cells that make a lot of protein have more ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the function of

Endoplasmic Reticulum

There are two types of this organelle

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum is a membranous network of tubes and sacs
Smooth ER- Synthesizes lipids and processes toxins
Rough ER- Produces membranes, ribosomes on its surface make membrane and secretory proteins

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9
Q

What is the function of

Nucleus

A

The nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center. DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing all take place within the nucleus, with only the final stage of gene expression (translation) localized to the cytoplasm.

The nucleolus is also where ribosomes and produced and assembled.

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10
Q

What is the function of

Golgi apparatus

A

The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of sacks in which products of the ER are processed and then sent to other organelles or to the cell surface.

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11
Q

What is the function of

Lysosomes

A

Lysosomes host digestive enzymes that break down ingested substances and damaged organelles.

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12
Q

What is the function of

Vacuoles

A

Vacuole helps in storage of salts, minerals, pigments and proteins within the cell. It isolates metabolic waste that might be harmful to the cell. It maintains turgor pressure. It facilitates endocytosis and exocytosis.

Plant cells contain a large central vacuole that stores wastes and molecules for growth

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13
Q

What is the function of

Mitochondria

A

The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. They are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells.

The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration

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14
Q

What is the function of

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Maintenance of cell shape
  • Anchorage and movement of cells
  • Amoeboid movement and muscle contraction

In plant cells, it is the cell wall.

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15
Q

What is

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space

*Diffusion across a cell membrane does not require energy, so it is called passive transport.
In active transport, a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient. *

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16
Q

Describe the two types of diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion
Simple Diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion- Diffusion where polar or charged substances travel thorugh membranes with help of transport proteins (does not require energy, relies on concentration gradient)
Simple diffusion- Simple diffusion is defined as the process in which a substance moves through a semipermeable membrane or in a solution without any help from transport proteins.

17
Q

What is

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

18
Q

Define and identify the different types of

Tonicity

A

Tonicity- Term that describes the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
* Cell shrink in a hypertonic solution (crenation) low water, high solute concentration
* Cells swell in a hypotonic solution (hemolysis) low solute, high water
* In isotonic solutions, animal cells are normal, but plant cells are flaccid (no net change)

19
Q

Define terms

Erythrocyte
ATP
Ion

A

Erythrocyte- Red blood cell
ATP- Energy molecule that powers nearly all forms of cellular work (produced through cellular respiration in mitochondria)
Ion- Atom with electric charge (cation-positive, anion- negative)

20
Q

Main component of plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer

21
Q

Define

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

A

Exocytosis is used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides.
Endocytosis is used to take in large molecules.

22
Q

What is the

Plasma Membrane

A

The plasma membrane and its proteins enable cells to survive and function

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.

23
Q

Define

Endergonic and Exergonic

A

Ednergonic- Reaction that requires absorption of energy
Exergonic- Reaction that requires the release of energy

24
Q

What is an enzyme substrate?

A

The substrate is the substance in which an enzyme operates.

The area of attachment is called the active site.

25
Q

Name all the components of the hierarchy from atom through biosphere:

A

Atom-molecule-organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ system-organism

26
Q

Which three elements are found in all organic molecules?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen

27
Q

Put the five mitosis phases in order

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

28
Q

1.

Cellular Respiration

A

Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP, which may be used as energy to power many reactions throughout the body. There are three main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycolysis -> Citric Acid Cycle -> Oxidative Phosphorylation

29
Q

What do each of these represent in the periodic table?

Columns
Rows

A

Elements in the same column are in the same group
Elements in the same row are in the same period

Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties, Each row represents a new outer shell of electrons.

30
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

31
Q

Before mitosis is

Interphase
G1
S
G2

A

G1 phase: also called the first gap phase, the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.

S phase: the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M phase.

G2: in the second gap phase, the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. After G2 begins mitosis.

32
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate move to opposite sides of the cell.

33
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope of the nucleus disentegrates and chromosomes move toward metaphase plate (imaginary line that separates cell into two hemispheres)

34
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up and attach spindle fiber at the centromere (region where two sister chromatids are connected)

35
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers pull apart sister chromatids into separate chromosomes

36
Q

Telophase

A
37
Q

What is difference between 1n and 2n cells?

A
38
Q

Meiosis

A
39
Q

Gametes
Somatic Cell

A

bio 106 and 107 (4 decks)

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