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Level 2 - Fitness Instructor > Neuromuscular System > Flashcards

Neuromuscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Anterior muscles (from top to bottom)

A

Upper Trapezius
Deltoids
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachii
Internal obliques
Rectus abdominis
External obliques
Iliopsoas
Quadriceps
Abductors
Adductors
Tibialis anterior

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2
Q

Name the posterior muscles (top to bottom)

A

Trapezius
Rhomboids
Triceps brachii
Erector spinae
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus maximus
Hip abductors
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles? Give examples.

A

Smooth - the digestive system
cardiac (myocardioum) - the heart
skeletal (striated) - hamstring, tricep etc

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4
Q

What is a smooth muscle?

A
  • Controlled by the ANS (autonomic)
  • Smooth, spindle shaped
  • Involuntary - unconscious
  • Found in digestive system, blood vessels and urinary and reproductive systems
  • Used in processes involved in homeostasis
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5
Q

What is a cardiac muscle?

A
  • Found in the heart (in chamber walls)
  • Striated (striped)
  • Main function is to pump blood around body
  • Involuntary - unconscious
  • Controlled by sinoatrial node (SAN)
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6
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A
  • Attaches to bones across joints via tendons
  • Controlled by SNS (somatic)
  • Striated
  • Voluntary - conscious
  • Contracts and pulls on the bones to produce locomotion and movement
  • Resists the force of gravity to hold the body upright
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7
Q

Name 4 characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  • Contractility - ability to shorten
  • Extensibility - ability to stretch and lengthen
  • Elasticity - Ability to return its original size and shape
  • Excitability - ability to respond to stimuli from the nervous system
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8
Q

Name the cross sections of a muscle from outer layers to inner layers

A
  • Tendon
  • Fascia
  • Muscle belly
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Fasciculi
  • Muscle fibre
  • Myofibril
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9
Q

What are the two types of muscle fibres?

A

Slow twitch (1) and fast twitch (2)

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres? (Slow)

A
  • Red - rich in blood supply
  • Aerobic activity
  • Rich in mitochondria
  • Lower force production
  • Slow in fatigue
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of type 2 muscle fibres? (fast)

A
  • White - poor blood supply
  • Anaerobic activity
  • Poor in mitochondria
  • Higher force production
  • Quick to fatigue
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12
Q

What are the 4 roles of muscles?

A
  • Prime mover or agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Synergist
  • Fixator
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13
Q

Explain what an agonist is

A

The working muscle, for example, bicep in bicep curl

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14
Q

Explain what an antagonist is

A

The opposite muscle to the agonist; allows the prime mover to work
For example triceps in a bicep curl

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15
Q

Explain what a synergist is

A

A muscle that aids or modifies agonist movement
For example the brachialis in a bicep curl

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16
Q

Explain what a fixator is

A

A muscle that stabilises the joint where movement is taking place
For example, the deltoids fix the shoulder in a bicep curl

17
Q

What are the 4 types of contraction?

A
  • Isometric
  • Isotonic
  • Concentric
  • Eccentric
18
Q

Define isometric contraction

A

Static
The muscle contracts but remains the same length - plank

19
Q

Define isotonic contraction

A

Dynamic
The muscle contracts and changes length by either shortening or lengthening

20
Q

Define concentric contraction

A

Positive
The muscle contracts and shortens - upward phase of bicep curl

21
Q

Define eccentric contraction

A

Negative
The muscle contracts and lengthens - downward phase of a bicep curl

22
Q

What are the short-term effects of exercise on muscles?

A
  • Capillaries dilate
  • Increased blood flow to working muscles
  • More oxygen taken from blood by muscle
  • Muscles able to contract more often and more quickly
  • More muscle fibres contract in muscle
  • Temperature of muscles increase - increased pliability
  • Metabolism increases
23
Q

What are the long-term effects of exercise on muscles?

A
  • Individual muscle fibres get shorter and fatter, increasing thickness and strength of muscle
  • Improved blood supply to muscles
  • Muscle reacts more quickly to stimuli
  • With correct training, fast twitch muscle fibres contract more powerfully, improving performance in maximum effort activities
  • Fatigue is delayed for a few seconds
  • With correct training and diet, muscle’s energy supplies become more efficient
  • Metabolism increases
24
Q

What are the adaptations of the body due to muscular strength training?

A
  • Strength training usually leads to growth in muscle tissue (hypertrophy) - especially for fast twitch muscles
  • Growth in response to strength training is made faster by male hormone testosterone - partly explains difference between men and female in terms of strength
  • The efficiency of recruiting muscle fibres is improved - especially true in first few weeks of resistance training when rapid gains in strength can be observed
  • Larger amount of fibres within the muscle can be used at any one time while strength training
25
Q

What are the adaptations to the body due to muscular endurance training?

A
  • Fuelled by lactic acid system and aerobic energy system
  • Increased capillaries around muscle
  • increase in size and number of mitochondria
  • Improved oxygen supply to muscle and better efficiency, resulting in an offset of fatigue from lactic acid build up which improved muscular endurance
  • Improved efficiency of muscle fibre recruitment - slow twitch
  • Muscles look toned due to hypertrophy on slow twitch muscles
26
Q

What is the central nervous system? (CNS)

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Control base for the whole nervous system
  • Source of all nerve impulses
27
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ?

A
  • Branches of nerves that transport electrical messages to and from the CNS
  • Subdivides into somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
28
Q

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

A

Carry messages from PNS to CNS

29
Q

What is the function of a motor neuron?

A

Carry messages from CNS to PNS

30
Q

What are the sections of a neuron?

A

Neuromuscular junction
Myelin sheath
Axon
Nucleus
Cell body
Dendrites
Also - action potential travels through sections mentioned

31
Q

Explain what the ‘All or nothing’ law is

A

As long as stimulus is above threshold, action potential will always remain the same. If stimulus isn’t above threshold, there will be no potential. Action potential results in the response/contraction of a muscle.

32
Q

What are the immediate effects of exercise on the neuromuscular system?

A
  • Increased muscle temperature
  • Increased muscle pliability
  • Increased power output from muscles
  • Increased nerve-to-muscle link
  • Increased recruitment of muscle fibres
33
Q

What are the long-term effects of exercise on the neuromuscular system?

A
  • Increased muscular fitness
  • Increased glycogen and CP stores in muscle
  • Increase in actin and myosin
  • Increased basal metabolic rate
  • Improved posture
  • Increased neuromuscular connections
  • Increased recruitment of motor units

Level 2 - Fitness Instructor (7 decks)

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