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Biostatistics > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The application of statistical principles in medicine, public health, or biology.

A

biostatistics

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2
Q

Virtually all statistics are an ().

A

estimate or guess

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3
Q

(prevalence or incidence) exposed/unexposed

A

relative risk

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4
Q

A field of study focused on the study of health and illness in human populations, patterns of health or disease, and the factors that influence these patterns.

A

epidemiology

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5
Q

More effective from a statistical viewpoint; Intervening and measuring a response happens here; participants are, with no selectiveness, put into one of several comparison treatments or groups.

A

randomized controlled trial or experimental design

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6
Q

What is an example of a randomized controlled trial?

A

clinical trial

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7
Q

The methodology that is used to collect the information to address the research question.

A

study design

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8
Q

In what type of study do we observe a phenomenon?

A

observational studies

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9
Q

A study conducted at a single point in time; appropriate design when research question is focused on prevalence of disease, a present practice, or an opinion between participant groups; nonrandomized.

A

cross-sectional study

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10
Q

A study conducted to study the exposure or risk factor status of participants looking back in time.

A

retrospective cohort study

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11
Q

A distortion of the effect of an exposure or risk factor on the outcome by other characteristics.

A

confounding

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12
Q

Study often used in epidemiological research when seeing if there is an association between a particular risk factor or exposure and an outcome, particularly for a rare outcome.

A

case-control study

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13
Q

Clinical trials which include multiple study centers

A

Multicenter trials

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14
Q

number of persons with disease / the number of persons examined at baseline

A

point prevalence

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15
Q

number of persons who develop a disease during a specified period / number of persons at risk at baseline

A

cumulative incidence

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16
Q

possibility of going from disease free to diseased

A

hazard

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16
Q

number of persons who develop disease during a specified period / sum of lengths of time during which persons are disease-free

A

incidence rate

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17
Q

(PP/CI/IR) exposed - unexposed

A

risk difference

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18
Q

(PP/CI/IR) (overall-unexposed)/overall

A

population attributable risk

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19
Q

(PP/CI) exposed/unexposed

A

relative risk or risk ratio

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20
Q

IRexposed/IRunexposed

A

rate ratio

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21
Q

(CI/PP) (exposed/1-exposed)/(unexposed/1-unexposed)

A

odds ratio

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22
Q

Subset of individuals from the population

A

sample

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23
Q

Another name for characteristics in a study

A

variables, outcomes, endpoints

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24
Q

() variables only have two responses

A

dichotomous

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25
Q

() variables have more than two possible responses and are ordered

A

ordinal

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26
Q

() variables have more than two responses and are unordered

A

categorical or nominal

27
Q

() variables take on an unlimited number of responses between defined minimum and maximum values

A

continuous or quantitative or measurement

28
Q

numerical summary measures computed on samples

A

statistics

29
Q

summary measures computed on populations

A

parameters

30
Q

What is the appropriate graphical display for dichotomous variables?

A

bar charts

31
Q

What is an ideal way to display descriptive statistics for ordinal and categorical variables?

A

frequency distribution table

32
Q

What is the appropriate graphical display for ordinal variables?

A

histograms

33
Q

What is the appropriate graphical display for categorical variables?

A

bar charts

34
Q

sum of all the values / sample size (most appropriate measure of typical value if no outliers)

A

sample mean

35
Q

A second measure of the average value (ideal if there are outliers)

A

sample median

36
Q

Most frequent value

A

mode

37
Q

Important measure of variability in a sample

A

sample range

38
Q

Most widely used measure of variability for a continuous variable

A

standard deviation

39
Q

the difference between the first and third quartiles (ideal if there are outliers)

A

IQR

40
Q

The value in the dataset that holds 25% of the values below it

A

first quartile

41
Q

The value in the dataset that holds 25% of the values above it

A

third quartile

42
Q

What is the appropriate graphical display for the distribution of a continuous variable?

A

box-whisker plots

43
Q

Numbers that reflect the likelihood that a particular event occurs

A

probabiltiies

44
Q

Making generalizations about unknown population parameters based on sample statistics

A

inferential statistics

45
Q

When each member of population has a known probability of being selected

A

probability sampling

46
Q

Each member of the population is selected without use of probability

A

nonprobability sampling

47
Q

Number that reflects the likelihood that a particular event occurs focusing on a subset of the population

A

conditional probability

48
Q

P(+|D)

A

sensitivity

49
Q

P(-|DF)

A

specificity

50
Q

P(+|DF)

A

false positive fraction

51
Q

P(-|D)

A

false negative fraction

52
Q

P(D|+)

A

positive predictive value

53
Q

P(DF|-)

A

negative predictive value

54
Q

The probability of one event is not affected by the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the other ; P(A|B) =P(A)

A

independence

55
Q

Probability rule that can be used to compute conditional probability based on specific available info ; P(A|B) = (P(A|B)P(A))/ P(B)

A

Bayes’ Thereom

56
Q

What are examples of observational studies?

A

cross-sectional and cohort

57
Q

() and incidence have large effect on prevalence

A

duration

58
Q

high incidence and low duration = () prevalence

A

low

59
Q

low incidence and high duration = () prevalence

A

high

60
Q

probability of what you are trying to get /probability of anything else

A

odds

61
Q

() + 1.5 * IQR for larger value outlier(s)

A

Q3

62
Q

() - 1.5 * IQR for smaller value outlier(s)

A

Q1

63
Q

If the observed values vary widely around the sample mean, the standard deviation is ()

A

large

64
Q

If all observed values are close to the sample mean, the standard deviation is ()

A

small

65
Q

If all values in sample are identical, the standard deviation is ()

A

zero

66
Q

Describes info collected in a study sample

A

descriptive statistics

Biostatistics (2 decks)

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