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HL Bio > everything else but sparse > Flashcards

everything else but sparse Flashcards

1
Q

phospholipid arrangement in bilayer

A

heads out, tails in
heads polar (hydrophillic), tails non polar (hydrophobic)

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2
Q

wheres cholesterol

A

animal cell membranes

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3
Q

facilitated diffusion definition

A

passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane – via aid of a membrane protein (carrier/channel protein)

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4
Q

conclusion of biogenesis

A

cells only arise from pre existing ones

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5
Q

endosymbiosis + 2 organelles from it

A

aerobic prokaryotes engulfed –> eukaryotes
enguled shit contributes function – becomes organelle
eg
chloroplast and mitochonddria

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6
Q

g1 vs g2 checkpoint

A

monitors potential growth conditions, assesses level of dna damage

monitors state of cell before mitosis, repairs dna replication errors

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7
Q

what are cyclins

A

cyclins are porteins that control the progression of the cell cycle
- bind to cyclin dependent kinases –> activates specific proteins involved in cell cycles –> afterwards cyclin degraded, CDK inactive

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8
Q

cell death necrosis vs apoptosis

A

loses function due to injury vs controlled event triggered by mitochondrial proteins

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9
Q

stages of interphase

A

G1: growth, metabolism
S: dna rep
G2: growth and prep
mitosis (M)

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10
Q

M phase

A

PMAT+C
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

cytokinesis

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11
Q

stuff that happens during interphase

A

DNA rep (s)
Organelle duplication
Cell growth
Transcription/translation
Obtaining nutrients
Respiration

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12
Q

chromatin – to form chromosomes

A

supercoils

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13
Q

metabolism def

A

catabolic (break) + anabolic (make!)
total chem processes occuring in living org to keep it alive

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14
Q

anabolism vs catabolism with water

A

a – condensation
c – hydrolysis

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15
Q

why polar water

A

O high electroneg – attracts shared e-s strongly – polarity

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16
Q

properties of water 3

A
  1. cohesive (intermolc associations w molc that share common properties eg polar = charged)
  2. solvent
  3. thermal (hydrogen bonding)
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17
Q

water vs methane

A

similar chem structure
BUT
water polar, can form intermolecular H bonds

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18
Q

cellulose is made of WHAT glucose subunits vs STARCH vs GLYCOGEN

A

BETA vs ALPHA vs ALPHA

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19
Q

saturated vs unstaurated fatty acids

A

sat – no double bonds in HC chain, soild rtp
unsat – double bonds, liquid rtp (can be solid in processed food) – margerine

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20
Q

competitive inhibition vs non comp

A

blocks active site // binds to allosteric site
substrate similar // substrate dissimilar
incr conc = reduce inhibition // nope

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21
Q

cell resp def

A

controlled release of energy from organic compounds to prod ATP

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22
Q

what is ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate – source of e when hydrolysed –> ADP

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23
Q

cell resp begins with G…

A

glycolysis – break down of glucose into pyruvate x2
- 2 ATP used: glucose phosphorylated by ATP
6C sugar splits into 2 3C sugars
- NAD+ reduced to NADH
- 4 ADP –> 4 ATP , net gain 2ATP

24
Q

anaerobic resp forms …

A

either lactic acid OR ethanol+CO2

25
Q

aerobic resp full cycle 3

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
ETC

26
Q

link reaction

A

pyruvate oxidised –> NADH (reduced carrier)
pyruvate decarboylated –> acetyl CoA (+ CO2)

27
Q

krebs cycle

A
  1. Acetyl CoA + 4C compound = 6C compound
  2. 6C –> 4C (+CO2)
  3. NADH/FADH2 formed – oxidation reactions
  4. 1 ATP per cycle
28
Q

electron transport chain

A
  1. reduced carriers are oxidised at ETC
  2. energy used to make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation
  3. 32 ATP prod
29
Q

net atp from aerobic resp

A

36

30
Q

intermembrane space H+ conc vs mitochondrial matrix

A

high vs low
H+ are pumped OUT of matrix

31
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. carrier molecules donate electrons to the ETC
  2. Electrons lose energy as they pass along ETC – energy used to pump H+ out mitochondrial matrix
  3. H+ ions form electrochemical gradient
  4. H+ pumped back into MM thru ATP synthase – translocation prod 32 ATP
  5. electrons w/o energy removed by oxygen (H2O)
32
Q

light dependent reaction

A

light e –> chem e
- light absorbed by chlorphyll to prod ATP
- photolysis of water = O2 +H2, reduce to NAHPH

33
Q

light independent reactions

A

carbon compounds made from chem energy
- ATP + hydrogen carbon fixed with CO2
- formation of org compounds for cell processes

34
Q

NADPH vs NADH

A

similar but NADPH is photosynthesis and NADH is cellular resp

35
Q

where do light depenedent and independent reactions occur

A

light dep – thylakoids (flattened membrane stacks)
independendt – stroma

36
Q

light dependenet reactions

A

non cyclic phosphorylation and cyclic phosphorylation

37
Q

light dependent reactons

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction of GP
  3. regen of RuBP
38
Q

gene definition

A

heritable factor – consists of DNA sequence, influences specific trait

39
Q

allele def

A

alternate forms of a gene – code for diff variations of the same trait

40
Q

how does sickle cell anaema alter haemoglobin structure

A

insoluble strands

41
Q

def homologous chromosomes

A

same genes, same loci – each pair 1 from each parent

42
Q

what is karyotyping

A

id number and types of chromosomes in a cell

43
Q

what causes down syndrome

A

3 of C21
non disjunction

44
Q

what is gel electrophorosis

A

technique seperating proteins or fragments of DNA according to size (smaller samples move faster thru the gel towards positive terminus)

45
Q

purpose of chi-squared test

A

determine if there is a statistically significant association between distribution of 2 species
- comapring expected and observed

46
Q

chi sqared test no assocaition vs is assocaition

A

null hypothesis - equal frequencies
alternative hypothesis - unequal frequecies

47
Q

chi squared test expected frequencies

A

= (row total x column total)/grand totalc

48
Q

chi squared test formula

A

chi sqared = sum of all (obeserved-expected)^2 / expected

49
Q

chi squared degree of freedown

A

(no of rows -1) x (no of columns - 1)

50
Q

determining significance of chi squared test

A

chi squared value > degree of freedom = statistically significant results

51
Q

autotrophs

A

synthesize organic moleules from inorganic nutrients – energy from light/oxidation reaftions

52
Q

detritivores

A

injest decomposing matter and faeces

53
Q

saprotrophs

A

digest dead organisms (Decomposers)

54
Q

linkage gene group

A

grp of genes w loci on same chromosome
- funcation as single heritable unit
- represented as pairs
AB
==
ab

55
Q

what can seperate linked genes

A

crossing over is prophase i

56
Q

discrete variation vs continuous

A

indiv categories, finite pattern of expression
over a range, bell shaped distribution pattern

HL Bio (26 decks)

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