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Bio > exam #2 > Flashcards

exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients

A
  • The chemical building blocks our bodies need to live, grow, and repair themselves
  • Provide energy
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2
Q

Macronutrients

A
  • Nutrients the organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health
  • Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats)
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3
Q

Energy

A
  • The ability to do work
  • Powers out activities
  • Helps build complex muscles
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4
Q

Forms of Energy

A
  • Heat: kinetic energy generated by random movement of molecules or atoms; can be transferred from one body to another
  • Kinetic: object in motion
  • Potential: stored energy; has the potential to become kinetic energy
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5
Q

List the three macromolecules we eat and then use to fuel the production of ATP

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids (fats)
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6
Q

Define metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions occurring in the body

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

build new structures from smaller subunits (use energy)

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8
Q

Catabolism

A

break down larger structures into smaller ones (release energy)

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9
Q

Enzymes (how do they facilitate reactions?)

A
  • Protein that catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction
  • Enzymes reduce activation energy for chemical reactions, so they happen much quicker
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10
Q

Dietary micronutrients

A
  • Minerals: inorganic elements required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance; act as cofactors
  • Vitamins: organic molecules required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance; act as coenzymes
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11
Q

Balanced diet

A
  • Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains make up the largest portion of our diet
  • This kind of diet provides the macro and micro nutrients that we need
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12
Q

Energy and its three forms

A
  • Potential: stored energy; has the potential to become kinetic energy
  • Kinetic: object in motion
  • Heat: kinetic energy generated by random movement of molecules or atoms; can be transferred from one body to another
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13
Q

Conservation of energy

A

How is energy created?
- Energy is neither created nor destroyed
How does energy get conserved?
- Through heat
How does energy get transformed?
- From kinetic to potential
Is some energy lost?
- no

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14
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Capture and transform energy of sunlight by photosynthesis (producers)

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15
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Obtain energy by eating other organisms (consumers)

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16
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

Non-renewable energy sources made from decomposing plants and animals

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17
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Renewable fuels made from living organisms

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18
Q

Awareness of fuel usage:

A

fossil fuels are limited and take millions of years to replenish, they harm the environment

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19
Q

Creation of new methods to make fuel:

A

when plants and algae products are converted to fuel and burned, they release CO2, which is the same CO2 they took up by photosynthesis

20
Q

Which macromolecules are used to carry out metabolic activities?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids(fats)
21
Q

What is ATP?

A

energy

22
Q

ATP Chemical formula

A

ADP + Pi + energy = ATP

23
Q

Which organelle forms the ATP molecule in eukaryotic (human) cells?

A

mitochondria

24
Q

What happens to the subunits of macromolecules in the creation of ATP?

A

Blood transports excess CO2 to the lungs and H2O to the kidneys

25
Q

What important cell functions are involved in ATP usage?

A

Cellular respiration, cellular transport

26
Q

What is Aerobic (cellular) respiration?

A

3 stage process that occurs in the presence of oxygen to convert stored food energy into ATP

27
Q

Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of which specific substance?

A

oxygen

28
Q

How do cells get the essential molecules for aerobic respiration?

A

Blood transports glucose from food and oxygen from the lungs

29
Q

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 = ATP + CO2 + H2O

30
Q

Glycolysis: what is it, what happens, where does it occur?

A

Step 1: breaks down glucose into pyruvate, occurs in cytoplasm

31
Q

Citric acid cycle: what is it, where does it occur?

A

Step 2: helps extract energy from food, occurs in the mitochondria

32
Q

Electron Transport Chain: what is it, what is created, where does it occur?

A

Step 3: NAD+ molecules bring electrons to the inner membrane of the mitochondria where an oxygen will accept it and combine with hydrogen to form water, occurs in mitochondria

33
Q

How many ATP are produced in each step?

A

Step 1: 2 ATP
Step 2: 2 ATP
Step 3: 26-28 ATP

34
Q

Which cells in the human body need more ATP as compared to others?

A

muscle cells

35
Q

What is fermentation?

A

What happens when oxygen is scarce

36
Q

What products are created in fermentation?

A

Lactic acid, alcohol, 2 ATP

37
Q

What is glycogen? Where is it found in animals? What is it used for?

A
  • A complex carbohydrate, which is made up of linked chains of glucose molecules
  • Muscle and liver cells
  • Short-term energy storage
38
Q

What are triglycerides? Where are they found in animals? What is it used for?

A
  • A type of lipid found in fat cells
  • Fat cells
  • Long-term energy storage
39
Q

How many calories/gram are produced using the three different biological molecules as fuel?

A
  • Carbohydrates: 4 calories/gram
  • Lipids: 9 calories/gram
  • Proteins: 4 calories/gram
40
Q

Differentiate between calorie and Calorie.

A
  • calorie: scientific unit of energy
  • Calorie: displayed on all nutrition labels (equal to 1000 calories, or 1 kcal)
41
Q

What happens if there is excess energy in the human body?

A

Weight loss

42
Q

What is BMI (Body Mass Index)- ranges for healthy, overweight, and obese individuals?

A
  • Estimates body fat based on height and weight
  • Overweight: 25-29
  • Obese: >30
  • Extremely obese: >40
  • Healthy: 19-24
  • Underweight: <18
43
Q

How do you think obesity will affect a human body?

A

Increase the risk of disease and health issues

44
Q

What is NEAT?

A

Non exercise Activity Thermogenesis

45
Q

What activities in everyday life can be termed NEAT activities?

A

Yard work, shopping, walking a dog

46
Q

How can one maintain a balance between food intake and burning calories?

A

A healthy diet with an activity to burn calories

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