diabetes Ben

Question 1

Diabetes risk factors general

Answer 1

• Obesity
• glucose intolerance
• pancreatic cancer
• poor lifestyle
• advanced age
• certain infections

Question 2

Risk factors diabetes ben

Answer 2

• previous acute pancreatitis
• increase weight
• possible excess alcohol consumption
• insulin resistance

Question 3

General S+S diabetes

Answer 3

• hyperglycemia
• recurrent infections
• prolonged wound healing
• fatigue
• polyuria
  -polyphagia
• ketoacidosis

Question 4

What is glycosylation

Answer 4

hyperglycemia can lead to glycosylation-
- deposition of glucose on basement membrane of blood vessels and neurons
- affects ability of substances to move in or out of blood stream
= tissue ischemia and poor inflammatory response
= poor wound healing and infections

Question 5

diabetes complications related to glycosylation

Answer 5

• retinopathies
• nephropathies
  -neuropathies

Question 6

How diabetes lead to autonomic neuropathy

Answer 6

• hyperglycemia leads to glycosylation of neurons
  = disrupts normal action potential conduction
  = neurons of autonomic nervous system affects functions

Question 7

Ben diabete complications

Answer 7

• retinopathies (macular oedema)
• both nephropathy
• Autonomic neuropathy = gastrointestinal
• peripheral neuropathy, )peripheral sensorial loss, recurrent infections, poor wound healing)

Question 8

what is retinopathies (macular oedema)

Answer 8

• occurs when blood vessels in eye are damaged
• fluid leaks into retina responsible for sharp, straight-ahead vision
  = swelling/blurred vision

Question 9

What is nephropathy

Answer 9

• deterioration of kidney function
• leading cause of renal failure

Question 10

Diabetes path!
- occuring in blood vessels vs nerves

Answer 10

Hyperglycemia
- too much glucose in blood
- located in kidneys
= increase glucose filtrate
= saturation of glucose transporters
= glucose remains in urine (glycosuria)
= increase osmotic gradient
= retains more water in urine (polyuria)
= increase water loss
= increase plasma osmolarity
= thirst (polydipsia)

If occurs at blood vessels glycosylation
= decrease gas and nutrient exchange
= ischemia/hypoxia
= tissue damage
= interrupts inflammatory response
= poor wound healing/ recurring infections

If occurs at nerves
Disrupts A.P conduction
= neuropathies
not enough glucose into cells
= increase gluconeogenesis (increase breakdown of fats and proteins)
= increase lipolysis
= increase fatty acids by calls for ATP generation
= increase production of ketone bodies (ketoacidosis)
Increase lipolysis also causes
=hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia
= atherosclerosis

Question 11

Normal blood glucose levels

Answer 11

3-8mmol/L

Question 12

What insulin does ben use (diabetes)

Answer 12

• Humulin NPH (isophane insulin)
• Humalog (insulin lispro)

Question 13

What is Humulin NPH

Answer 13

• Long acting insulin suspension using protamine
• Regular use

Question 14

What is humalog

Answer 14

• Rapid onset, short acting insulin
• Taken before or shortly after meals to lower blood sugar levels

Question 15

What is HbA1C/ indicator of glycemic control/ range

Answer 15

• Reflects average plasma glucose concentration over past months
• Glycosylated hemoglobin
• Accumulates glucose over lifetime of RBC
  2- 0-42mmmol/mol

Question 16

diabetes management

Answer 16

Diet
Exercise
Podiatrist
Insulin

Question 17

type 1 vs type 2 diabetes

Answer 17

Type 1
- Pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin as the bodies immune system attacks the islet cells that produce insulin

Type 2
- pancreas makes not enough insulin causing it to become insulin resistant

Question 18

What is metformin and path

Answer 18

• oral anti-diabetic
• decreases blood glucose levels by decreasing gluconeogenesis