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PSYC211 > Introduction to cell biology > Flashcards

Introduction to cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most abundant atoms in the universe?

A
  • Hydrogen
  • Helium
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2
Q

When did the atoms of the universe form?

A

About 13.7 billion years ago

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3
Q

What occured when the atoms formed?

A
  • creation of light
  • Especially red and infrared light
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4
Q

Where in our current universe is now the place where the light that surrounds us was originally formed?

A

46 billion light years away

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5
Q

How many of the elements on the periodic table of the elements occur naturally?

A

94

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6
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

Modification of a molecule (most often: change of position of electrons in the molecule)

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7
Q

Why do living entities use chemical reactions/regulate chemical reactions?

A
  • grow
  • accomplish tasks
  • manipulate the environment
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8
Q

What are salts?

A

Ions held together by ionic bonds

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9
Q

Why do ionic bonds break up in water?

A

Being neutralized by a lot of small charges (i.e. by water) is more stable than being neutralized by an ionic bond

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10
Q

What are the elements that compose cells?

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
  • ozygen
  • others (phosophorus and sulfur)
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11
Q

What is the most abundant element in cells?

A

Hydrogen

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12
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophiliac?

A

hydrophobic because of the length of the chain, which makes it very stable

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13
Q

What are the different molecules formed by CHNOPS elements in the cell?

A
  • water
  • sugar
  • lipids
  • neucleic acids
  • amino acids
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14
Q

What percentage of the cell mass is made up of sugars?

A

15%

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15
Q

What percentage of the cell mass is made up of lipids?

A

10%

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16
Q

What percentage of the cell mass is made up of nucleic acids?

A

15%

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17
Q

What percentage of the cell mass is made up of amino acids?

A

50%

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18
Q

What is a ribozyme?

A

Strand of RNA that can catalyze a chemical reaction.

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19
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that can catalyze chemical reactions

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20
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Small strands of RNA that hold amino acids who can be strung together easily to make new proteins.

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21
Q

What is a ribosome (from an anatomical point of view)?

A

Strands of RNA and amino acids

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22
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A
  • creation of protein by linking the amino acids held by tRNA molecules
  • TRANSLATION of RNA into protein
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23
Q

What is the mechanism of RNA translation?

A

1) the small unit grabs to a long strand of RNA
2) the large subunit identifies tRNA molecules that complement the RNA strand
3) the ribosome removes the corresponding amino acid from the tRNA
4) the ribosome links the new amino acid to the previous amino acid
5) the ribosome takes a step and goes on to the next codon

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24
Q

What are the advantages of DNA?

A
  • more stable and durable than RNA (better for info storage)
25
Q

What is DNA transcription?

A

Sections of DNA are transcribed into strands of RNA so that they can be translated by RNA.

26
Q

What is RNA translation?

A

The info from RNA strands are translated into chains of amino acids

27
Q

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

A

Transcription: nucleotide –> nucleotide
Translation: nucleotide –> amino acid

28
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Strand of fat with a phosphate cap

29
Q

What structure do phospholipids tend to form? What does it look like?

A
  • form bilayer sheets
  • two layers of phospholipids, with the phosphate outside and the lipid inside
30
Q

What do phospholipids form when shaken?

A

micelles, which often reform as liposomes

31
Q

How did the first cells form?

A

Liposomes were forming an busting erratically, then chains of protein entered the bilayer, stabilizing it.

32
Q

What does the prokaryotic cell contain?

A
  • loose strands of DNA
  • loose strands of RNA
  • Ribosomes
32
Q

What is the structure of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • No organells with a wall inside
33
Q

What type of molecule serves as enzymes, form receptors, serve as messengers and form the cytoskeletton?

A

Proteins

34
Q

What are the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • The eukaryotic cell has a mitochondria
  • the eukaryotic cell has a nucleus
35
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria?

A

Creates ATP by digesting sugar molecules

36
Q

What is the use of ATP

A
  • source of energy
  • allows protein to act/conduct their purpose
37
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

imprisons the long strands of DNA (protection)

38
Q

How do molecules get energy from ATP?

A

The momentum that comes from cutting off the third phosphate group

39
Q

What are called the compacted strands of DNA inside a nucleus?

A

chromosomes

40
Q

What do we call the entirety of the DNA in a cell?

A

Genome

41
Q

What are the sections of the genome that code for a specific protein and later get transcribed and translated?

A

Genes

42
Q

How does DNA communicate information to the rest of the cell?

A

1) translates a segment of DNA (gene) into RNA
2) RNA exits the nucleus
3) RNA is translated by ribosomes

43
Q

What are called all the different versions of a protein that are made from a single gene?

A

isoforms

44
Q

Where is the nucleus located?

A

In the soma

45
Q

What are the components of the Soma?

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Microtubules
  • Mitochondria
46
Q

What structure defines the boundaries of the cell? What is it composed of?

A

The membrane is composed of phospholipids

47
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A
  • inside the membrane
  • water filled with salt, sugar, nucleic acids, amino acids
48
Q

What structures allow for rapid transport of material throughout the neuron?

A

Microtubules

49
Q

What person advanced the field of neuroscience the most?

A

Darwin

50
Q

What is the dominantly used species in neuroscience research?

A

Rodents

51
Q

What is the particularity of the human brain compared to other species?

A

Neoteny (prolongation of maturation: the brain continues to form new links between neurons/neurons and neurons/cells, other types of brains cells that protect and support neurons continue to replicate, neurons grow bigger)

52
Q

What is the original weight of a human brain? The final wieght?

A

.35 kg
1.4 kg

53
Q

What are the functions of RNA?

A
  • Storage for genetic information, protein-building
    instructions
  • Can be ‘read’ or translated by ribosomes to make amino acids
54
Q

What type of information does DNA contain relating to proteins?

A
  • how to create them
  • when to create them
  • how much of each type to create
55
Q

What structure allows the eukaryotic cell to create a lot more protein that the prokaryotic cell?

A

Mitochondria (produces basically unlimited energy)

56
Q

What molecule is responsible for the transcription of DNA?

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

57
Q

What part of the brain processes the left visual field?

A

Right hemisphere

58
Q

What part of the brain processes the right visual field?

A

Left hemisphere

PSYC211 (21 decks)

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