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Block 2; Week 1 > Histo Lymph > Flashcards

Histo Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference b/w stroma & parenchyma?

A

Stroma is the network or framework within the organ. Parenchyma are the cells found w/i that framework that function. Ex: liver…stroma: CT–collagen; parenchyma: hepatocytes

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2
Q

What is the stroma like in lymph nodes? In the thymus?

A

Lymph nodes–fibrous; reticular fibers

Thymus–cellular; epithelial-reticular cells

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3
Q

What happens if your lymph system isn’t working properly–not talking about immunity…

A

Edema.
Peripheral–in the limbs.
Pulmonary–in the lungs…affects cardiac function

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4
Q

What’s the deal with this lymphatic system stuff & chylomicrons?

A

Chylomicrons can’t be absorbed directly into the bloodstream b/c they are too big. Must go thru the lymphatic system. Important to get into system b/c important for nerves.

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5
Q

Which lymphatic organs are primary & which are secondary?

A

Primary–Thymus, Bone Marrow, Fetal liver

Secondary–Tonsils, Spleen, Lymph nodes, diffuse lymphatic tissue

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6
Q

What happens to lymphocytes in primary lymphatic organs?

A

They undergo antigen-independent differentiation.

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7
Q

What happens to lymphocytes in secondary lymphatic organs?

A

They undergo antigen-dependent activation.

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8
Q

Are lymphatic vessels found in places such as hair, nails, cornea, cartilage? Why or why not?

A

No. B/c they are avascular structures. They are also not found in the CNS or bone marrow.

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9
Q

Lymphatic vessels also have afferent & efferent vessels. Which direction do these travel?

A

Afferent–going to the tissue or organ

Efferent–going away from the tissue or organ

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10
Q

Lymphatic nodules are the primary structural unit of which types of tissues?

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue; tonsils; lymph nodes, spleen; GALT (gut associated lymphatic tissue); MALT (mucosal associated lymphatic tissue); BALT (bronchia associated lymphatic tissue).

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11
Q

Where are lymphatic nodules not found?

A

thymus

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12
Q

What are lymphatic nodules primarily composed of?

A

B cells, lymphoblasts, plasma cells, memory cells

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13
Q

What is the different b/w a primary & secondary lymphatic nodule?

A

Primary: one that hasn’t seen any antigen, appears uniform
Secondary: one with a germinal center in response to antigen

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14
Q

What are germinal centers?

A

In secondary lymphatic nodules…when they have seen antigen a lot of mitosis of B cells occurs in the middle…produces a ton of Plasma cells & memory cells

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15
Q

What do lymphatic nodules NOT have?

A

CT capsules.

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16
Q

Where are Peyer’s Patches found?

A

in the ileum they are found in the lamina propria & they extend down into the mucosa

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17
Q

When tonsils are surgically removed…which ones are usu taken out?

A

nasopharyngeal & palatine

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18
Q

When you take out tonsils why is it important to take out the entire tonsil?

A

B/c if you don’t–it will grow back!!

You should remove it such that you only have a CT cup left.

19
Q

Where are the crypts found in tonsils? What is their purpose?

A

They are indentations on the surface of the tonsil…of epithelium…they are supposed to trap antigen.

20
Q

Explain the basic structure of a single tonsil.

A

lymphatic nodules grouped around crypts…epithelium over the whole tonsil…incomplete CT capsule at the back.
M Cells…only efferent lymphatic vessels (no afferent)

21
Q

What is Waldeyer’s Ring?

A

The group of tonsils that protect the GI & Resp system. Trap antigen w/ their lymphatic tissue.

22
Q

What is the purpose of the CT capsule that surrounds the tonsil?

A

Keeps the antigen from escaping into important spaces.

23
Q

Different tonsils have different forms of covering epithelium. What are the different types of the main tonsils?

A

Palatine & Lingual: stratified squamous

Nasopharyngeal: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

24
Q

How can you tell a palatine tonsil from a lingual tonsil on a histo slide?

A

Both have stratified squamous BUT the lingual also has skeletal muscle at the base.

25
Q

When you go to the doctor’s office & he feels your neck…what is he feeling for?

A

NOT glands.

He is feeling for cervical lymph nodes.

26
Q

What are lymph nodes filters of?

A

LYMPH!!

27
Q

CT that extends all the way thru an organ is called? That only extend partially thru an organ?

A

CT all the way: septa

CT partially: trabeculae

28
Q

What is the purpose of lymph nodes?

A

to filter the lymph before it gets into the bloodstream.

29
Q

Explain the structure of lymph nodes.

A

Sorta look like a kidney.
Encapsulated in CT which also extend inward as trabeculae
Have a cortex & a medulla.
Afferent lymphatic vessels comes in thru cortex…
Lymphatic nodules found in the cortex. B cells!
Paracortical region: T cells found here. Also APCs & macrophages here…also high endothelial venules
Medulla: macrophages also found here & plasma cells
Have capillary beds
Hylum: arterioles enter, venules exit, efferent lymphatic vessel exit.

30
Q

What is the path of the afferent lymphatic vessel of a lymph node?

A

Comes in sorta thru cortex & goes into subcapsular sinus & trabecular sinuses…eventually turns into the efferent lymphatic vessel that exits thru the hylum.

31
Q

90-95% of the lymphatic nodules in the human body are which type: primary or secondary?

A

Secondary! We’ve seen a lot of antigen in our days!

32
Q

What type of CT makes up the capsule of the lymph nodes?

A

Dense CT

33
Q

What is the purpose of the high endothelial venules? Where are they found?

A

Found in the paracortical regions of lymph nodes. They break up endothelial jcns & allow the lymph an opportunity to either leave the bloodstream or get into the bloodstream.

34
Q

If lymph enters the right lymphatic trunk…where will it go next?

A

Right internal jugular & Right subclavian vein. Gets into arterial circulation & then to tissues & back to lymph. Can maybe get back to arterial once it gets to lymph nodes.

35
Q 
These are the stats on relative abundance of two types of lymphocytes: T & B cells. Which percentage corresponds to which cells? 
Spleen: about 50/50
Thymus: 100/0
Blood: 80/20
Bone Marrow: 90/10
Lymph Nodes: 60/40
A 
Spleen: 50 T/ 50 B
Thymus: 100 T/ 0 B
Blood: 80 T/ 20 B
Bone Marrow: 10 T/ 90 B
Lymph Nodes: 60 T/ 40 B
36
Q

When does the thymus grow in a person’s lifetime?

A

It grows until mid-teens & then starts to accumulate fat.

37
Q

Where are Hassall’s Corpuscles found?

A

In the medulla of the thymus. Made of epithelial reticular cells. Contain chewed up thymocytes.

38
Q

The capillaries that exist in the thymus exist where?

A

In the cortex.

39
Q

What does the thymus NOT have? Why is this important?

A

No afferent lymphatic vessel.
This means that it does not bring in antigen.
This is important b/c the thymus is a primary lymphatic organ…antigen-INDEPENDENT differentiation. No antigen allowed here!

40
Q

Where is the blood thymic barrier?
What is its purpose?
What composes it?

A 
In the thymus, silly!
To keep immature T cells from getting into the circulatory system or from contacting antigen (bad for a primary lymphatic organ)
Capillary Endothelium
Capillary Basal Lamina
CT sheath of the capillary
Epithelial Reticular Cell Basal Lamina
Epithelial Reticular Cell
41
Q

How is the spleen like lymph nodes? How is it different–in such a way that it is similar to the thymus?

A

Spleen has a hilum like lymph nodes. Like the thymus & unlike the lymph nodes it has NO afferent lymphatic vessel.

42
Q

How do the macrophages of the splenic cords get to where they are?

A

they are monocytes that enter the spleen (a secondary lymphatic organ) to differentiate into macrophages.

43
Q

What takes over if you lose your spleen b/c of trauma?

A

Your liver.

44
Q

If someone has a stab wound near their ribs on their left side–what are you worried about?

A

Puncturing of the spleen & internal bleeding b/c it is a huge reservoir of blood.

Block 2; Week 1 (9 decks)

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