Chapter 8: Control of Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Central controller system for respiration, what are each of their functions?

A
  1. Medullary respiratory center
    - includes groups of cells called Pe-Botzinger complex –> respiratory rhythm generation
    - dorsal respiratory group - inspiration
    - ventral respiratory group - expiration (quiet during normal breathing)
  2. Apneustic center
    - lower pons
  3. Pneumotaxic center
    - upper pons
    - fine-tuning of respiratory rhythm
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2
Q

In what part of the brain is inspiration and expiration controlled?

A

inspiration - dorsal respiratory group in the medullary respiratory center

expiration - ventral …

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the medullary respiratory center?

A
  • Pre-boetzinger complex
  • dorsal respiratory group
  • ventral respiratory group
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4
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located and how do they work?

A

ventral surface of the medulla (brainstem)

respond to pH or CO2 changes and stimulate breathing accordingly

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5
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located. What do they respond to?

A
  • carotid bodies
  • aortic bodies

glomus cells type 1 and type 2

pH, CO2, O2

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6
Q

Explain the repsonse of peripheral chemoreceptors to different levels of PaO2

A

sensitivity to changes highest at lower arterial PO2 mm Hg

very little response from these chemoreceptors until PaO2 is < 100 mm Hg

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7
Q

Compare the magnitude and speed of response to PaCO2 changes by the central and peripheral chemoreceptors

A

peripheral more rapid but central more important

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8
Q

List 4 lung receptors

A
  • Pulmonary Stretch Receptors
  • Irritant Receptors
  • J Receptors
  • Bronchial C Fibers
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9
Q

Where are pulmonary stretch receptors located, what do they respond to, what is their afferent nerve, and what is their effect?

A

airway smooth muscle

  • respond to distensin of the lung –> send impulse via vagus nerve –> slows respiratory frequency

= Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

deflatin reflex - deflation of the lungs initiates inspiratory activity

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10
Q

Where are irritant receptors located, what are they stimulated by, what is their afferent nerve and what is their effect?

A

lie between airway epithelial cells

respond to noxious gases, cigarette smoke, dust, cold air

  • vagus nerve

–> bronchoconstriction hyperpnea

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11
Q

Where ar the J receptors located, what is their afferent nerve, what are they stimulated by and what is their effect?

A

juxtacapillary - in the alveolar walls close to capillary

cause rapid, shallow breathing in response to edema

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12
Q

What are the bronchial C fibers, what supplies them and what is their effect?

A

respond to chemical irritants within the bronchial circulation –> rapid shallow breathing, bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion

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13
Q

How do PaO2 levels affect the chemoreceptors response to changes in PaCO2?

A

increases sensitivity to CO2 changes

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14
Q

What conditions/situations reduce the sensitivity of the ventilatory response to CO2 changes?

A

chronic hypercapnia

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15
Q

Which chemoreceptors are mainly responsible to respons to changes in pH. Under what circumstances can this shift, and what has to happen for this shift to be possible?

A

central

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16
Q

What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration and what causes it?

A

cerebral hypoxia