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Psychology Flashcards > Perception - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Perception - Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a monocular depth cue

A

A depth cue that needs only one eye in order to work

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2
Q

What is a binocular depth cue

A

A depth cue that needs both eyes to work

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3
Q

Name the 2 binocular depth cues

A

Retinal disparity and convergence

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4
Q

What is retinal disparity

A

The way that your left eye and your right eye view slightly different images so the retinal receives different information for each eye

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5
Q

What is convergence

A

When the eyes turn inward to look at an object that is close up

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6
Q

Name the four monocular depth cues

A

Height in plane, linear perspective, occlusion and relative size

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7
Q

What is height in plane

A

Objects that are higher in the visual field appear further away

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8
Q

What is relative size

A

Objects that appear smaller in the visual field are perceived as being further away

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9
Q

What is occlusion

A

Objects that are behind or obscured by other objects appear father away

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10
Q

Linear perspective

A

Lines that are parallel appear to get closer together and come together at a point in the distance

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11
Q

What is sensation

A

The physical process of collecting data from the environment via the senses

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12
Q

What is perception

A

The cognitive process of interpreting or
making sense of sensory information
that we receive. Experience builds our perception

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of perception

A

Auditory perception olfactory perception visual perception and gustatory perception

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14
Q

What is auditory perception

A

Hearing

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15
Q

What is olfactory perception

A

Smell

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16
Q

What is tactile perception

A

Touch

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17
Q

What is visual perception

A

Vision

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18
Q

What is gustatory perception

A

Taste

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19
Q

How does culture affected perception according to hudson

A

People from different cultures use different depths queues differently and have a different perceptual set

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20
Q

What are the four causes of a visual illusion

A

Missinterpreted depth queues ambiguity Size constancy

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21
Q

What are misinterpreted depth queues

A

Wrongly applying the rules of depth perception

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22
Q

What is ambiguity

A

When an image could equally well be One thing or another

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23
Q

What is fiction

A

Creating something that isn’t actually there To complete an image

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24
Q

What is size constancy

A

Keeping our perception of the size of An object the same Even when the information received by the eyes changes

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25
Q

What is perceptual set

A

Seeing or hearing things differently based on how we are feeling on that time

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26
Q

Which of the six named visual illusions can be assigned to misinterpreted depth cues

A

The müller lyer illusion and the ponzo illusion

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27
Q

Which of the six named visual illusions can be assigned to ambiguity

A

The neck a cube illusion and the rubin’s vase illusion

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28
Q

Which of the six named visual illusions can be assigned to fiction

A

The kaninza triangle illusion

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29
Q

Which of the six named visual illusions can be assigned to size constancy

A

Ames room illusion

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30
Q

what did gibsons direct theory of perception state

A

gibson stated that perception and sensation are actually the same thing He said that everything in our visual field gives us all the information we need to judge
depth, distance and movement without the need for past experiences.

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31
Q

what are the 3 main parts of gibsons theory

A

optic flow patterns, motion parallax and the infleuence of nature

32
Q

what did gibsons direct theory of perception say about optic flow patterns

A

When we are moving towards a fixed point, it stays stationary while the rest of our view seems to rush by. This is known as an optic flow.
If our brain does not see this optic flow, it struggles to recognise we are moving.

33
Q

what did gibsons direct theory of perception say about motion parallax

A

When we are moving, objects that are
closer to us in our visual field appear to be
moving faster than those that are further away from us.
For example, if you were in a car driving
past the dog, shed and tree you would
notice that the dog moves quicker than the
shed and the shed moves quicker than the trees.

34
Q

what did gibsons direct theory of perception say about the influence of nature

A

We do not need to learn how to perceive the world around us, our abilities are innate.
The eye can detect very fine changes in light, texture, movement
and depth without the need for past experience.
This is why the baby wouldn’t crawl off the edge of the ‘cliff’ we are born with our perception.

35
Q

what is an evaluative strength of gibsons direct theory of perception

A

One strength is that research provides good support for Gibson’s theory The visual cliff experiment shows that we do not need to learn how to perceive the world around us as they did not crawl off the edge. This is a strength because it shows that we do not always need to use past experience to perceive the world around us. The evidence supports Gibson’s idea that perception is innate

36
Q

what is an evaluative weakness of gibsons direct theory of perception

A

One weakness is that perceptual errors are not easily explained by Gibson’s theory. Visual illusions are good examples of when our brain makes ‘perceptual errors’ and draws wrong conclusions about what we are looking at. This is a weakness because Gibson said there is no need for processing the information we
receive about size, shape and distance, yet evidence from illusions shows sensation and perception to be separate processes and therefore Gibson’s theory is limited as it cannot explain this.

37
Q

what does gregory say about perception

A

gregory stated that we perceive based on past experiences
he said we make sense of the world around us by building our perceptions based partly on information and using what we know about the world

38
Q

what is an evaluative strength of gregory’s theory of perception

A

there is research to support it
seagall et al. found that people in non-western cultures don’t fall for the muller-lyer illusion,they say both lines are the same length. This is a strength of the theory because it proves that our perception MUST be influenced by experience, otherwise everyone would fall for the visual illusion

39
Q

what is an evaluative weakness of gregory’s theory of perception

A

there is research that contradicts it.
in the visual cliff experiment babies did not crawl over the cliff edge, showing that some elements of perception must be innate. this is a weakness of gregory’s theory because he believes that we learn perception, but if that were true the babies would have crawled over the cliff edge

40
Q

which psychologist emphasises the role of nature in perceptual processes

A

gibson

41
Q

which psychologist emphasises the role of nurture in perceptual processes

A

gregory

42
Q

which psychologist sees sensation and perception as the same thing

A

gibson

43
Q

which psychologist see sensation and perception as separate processes

A

gregory

44
Q

which psychologist has difficulty explaining cultural differences in perception

A

gibson

45
Q

which psychologist can explain cultural differences in perception

A

gregory

46
Q

which psychologist’s model helps us understand the real world

A

gibson

47
Q

which psychologist’s model helps us understand visual illusions

A

gregory

48
Q

which psychologist can explain examples of innate perception

A

gibson

49
Q

which psychologist has difficulty explaining examples of innate perception

A

gregory

50
Q

what are the 4 factors that affect perception

A

1 culture

#2 emotion
#3 motivation
#4 expectation

51
Q

What’s the aim of Hudson study on culture affecting perception

A

To see if people from different cultures interpret information and pictures differently using depth keys

52
Q

What was the method of Hudson’s study on culture on affecting perception

A

He show 2D images to people from different educational background and ask them: what do you see? What is the man doing? What is closer to the man, the elephant or the antelope?

53
Q

What were the results of Hudson study on culture affecting perception

A

Schools participants were more likely to perceive depth and unschooled participants white participants were more likely to perceive depth than black participants

54
Q

What was the conclusion of Hudson study on culture affecting perception

A

Culture seems to play a role in our perception. Children who are schooled are used to 2D images whereas, unschool children are not

55
Q

What is a negative evaluative point of Hudson study on culture affecting perception

A

People in the research may not have understood the instructions. For example the researcher used translators to tell people to draw an elephant however the translator may have changed the instructions without realising this is a weakness because these communication problems might have meant the instructions were unclear to the participants

56
Q

What is a second negative value of point of Hudson study on culture affecting perception

A

The study was conducted a long time ago the research was conducted in 1960 which is almost 65 years ago this is a weakness because if the research was replicated today there might be different results due to further differences in culture

57
Q

What was the aim of McGinnis study on emotion affecting perception

A

To see if emotions impact our perception by seeing if it takes us longer to say words that make us feel embarrassed

58
Q

What was the method of McGinnis study on emotion affecting deception

A

16 students were shown several different words one flashed on the screen at a time and the participants were asked to read them out there were neutral words such as Apple or dance and there were taboo words such as penis or b**. The emotional arousal was measured using galvanactic skin response

59
Q

What were the results of McGinnis study on emotion affecting perception

A

The participants took longer to recognize and say the taboo words and their emotional arousal was higher when reading the taboo words

60
Q

What was the conclusion of mcginley’s study on emotion affecting perception

A

Emotion does affect our perceptual set the higher the anxiety the longer it takes us to perceive because our brain blacks out the information

61
Q

Positive evaluative point of McKinney study on emotion affecting perception

A

A strength of this research is that it used an objective way of measuring arousal for example instead of asking the participants about their arousal they measured it using galvanactic skin response this is a strength because it means that arousal can be measured accurately instead of relying on the participants answers as they could lie

62
Q

What is a negative value of point of McGinley study on emotion affecting perception

A

A weakness of this research is that it might not have measured arousal but embarrassment instead for example the participants may have taken longer to say the taboo words because they were embarrassed not because of their perception this is a weakness because the results might be inaccurate

63
Q

What was the aim of Gilchrist and Nesburg study on motivation affecting perception

A

To see if food deprivation would make food appear brighter

64
Q

What was the method of Gilchrist and nesberg’s study on motivation affecting perception

A

The study use two groups of people the first Group had 26 students who volunteered to go without food for 24 hours and the second group had participants who ate as normal they were shown four slides of the meal for about 15 seconds after each slide was shown the participant was asked to adjust the light on a new photo so it looked like the original

65
Q

What were the results for Gilchrist and Nesburg study on motivation affecting perception

A

The food deprived participants adjusted the lighting so it was brighter than the original the others adjusted it similar to the first photo

66
Q

What was the conclusion of Gilchrist and nesberg study on motivation affecting perception

A

Hunger is a motivating factor that affects perception being deprived of basic needs make a sensitive to food-related pictures making them appear brighter

67
Q

What is a positive evaluative point of Gilchrist and nesburg study on motivation affecting perception

A

Similar studies have found similar results for example Stanford found that food deprived participants were more likely to see vague pictures as food this is a strength because the similar results increase the validity of this study

68
Q

What is a negative value point of Gilchrist and nesburg’s study on motivation affecting perception

A

The study had two different groups of participants it might be that the food deprive participants perceive things differently whether they were food deprived or not this is a weakness because the results could be inaccurate

69
Q

What is a negative value point of Gilchrist and nesburg’s study on motivation affecting perception

A

The study had two different groups of participants it might be that the food deprive participants perceive things differently whether they were food deprived or not this is a weakness because the results could be inaccurate

70
Q

What was the aim of Bruner and minturn study on expectation affecting perception

A

To see whether expectation is an important Factor in Perception

71
Q

What was the method of bruner and minturn study on expectation affecting perception

A

Showed participants and ambiguous figure the first group was shown the figure in between a and c and the second group will show in the figure in between 12 and 14 the figure could either be a letter B or 13

72
Q

What were the results of Bruno and min-turns study on expectation affecting perception

A

The group that saw the figure in between a and c read it as a b and the group that saw the figure in between 12 and 14 Reddit as a 13

73
Q

Was the conclusion of Bruno and Minton study on expectation affecting perception

A

Expectation is an important influence in Perception

74
Q

What is a positive evaluative point of Bruno and Minton study on expectation affecting perception

A

Real life application for example in Bartlett’s war of the ghost study it explains why participants changed the story based on their expectations this is a strength because if we see it happening in real life it increases the validity of the theory

75
Q

What is a negative evaluative point of Bruna and minterm study on expectation affecting perception

A

The research was conducted a long time ago 1955 was over 60 years ago so this is a weakness because we cannot say that the results would be similar if we repeated the research

Psychology Flashcards (6 decks)

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