Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the theories of emotional development?

A
  • Differentiation theory
  • Distinction theory
  • Functionalistic theory
  • Behavioural theory
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2
Q

Which theories are the theories of emotional development based on?

A

Charles Darwin’s theory that emotions are evolutionary adaptive

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3
Q

What does the differentiation theory of emotions say?

A

It says that humans are first born with just two emotions (satisfaction and discomfort)

These then get more and more distinct/differentiated

This also shows in facial expressions of a child

They go from biological reflex to complex socio cultural cognitive expressions

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4
Q

What does the Distinct emotion theory say?

A

It says that there are 6 basic emotions:

Interest
Disgust
Grief
Anger
Fear
Joy

At the beginning one has no control of them, but learns that.

Their meaning also changes culturally

These emotions cannot be divided, but can be connected for complex emotions.

Evidence shows that babies can have wildly differing reactions, to situations, but these get more stable later.

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5
Q

What does the behavioural theory of emotions say?

A

It says that we have emotions which are physiological reactions that then get associated with neutral stimuli.
This leads to response differentiation (aka more complex emotions)

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6
Q

What does the functionalistic theory of emotions say?

A

It looks at the relation of the person to the object that the emotion is focused on.

It sees emotion as a way to guide the person to either change or stabilize their inner state, their environment or prepare for action.

During a child’s development the objects change.

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7
Q

What are the 7 parts of emotions?

A

Bodily reactions (Heart frequency, body temperature, Cortisol levels, …)
Expression (posture, gestures, vocalization)
Direction (object)
Action (How emotions direct action)
Understanding of others emotions
Regulation
(conscious) Experience

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8
Q

What role does culture play in emotions?

A

Culture can influence how emotions should be expressed and which ones.

-> It will lead to reactions otherwise

Tabu emotions will be felt less

In individualistic cultures face2face interaction will mirror back and help the infant understand themselves.

In hierarchical cultures people try to anticipate what the child wants before emotional expression, because that is often shunned.

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9
Q

What are primary, secondary and social emotions?

A

Primary: Emotions that stem from a situational evaluation (Joy, Fear, anger)

Secondary: Emotions that stem from a self evaluation (Guilt, pride, embarrassment, envy)

Social: Emotions that are directed at others (love, hate, jealousy)

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10
Q

What is an emotion?

A

A fast physical feeling from an evaluation/reaction of a past/present/future situation.

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11
Q

What is the difference of an emotion to a feeling?

A

An emotion is a physical experience and a feeling is a cognitive experience

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12
Q

What are the types of smiles?

A

A reflexive smile

A social smile

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13
Q

When are reflexive smiles triggered in babies?
(And when do they appear?)

A

When the baby is in comfort and perceives (sees/hears) something familiar or exciting

They are a reflex since birth

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14
Q

When are social smiles triggered in babies? (And when do they appear and what can delay them?)

A

When the baby is in emotional comfort.

They appear after 6 weeks.

After 8 weeks the baby only smiles, when the attachment figure looks back

Sight issues can delay the social smile up to 6 months of age

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15
Q

When do babies begin to laugh and why?

A

At 3 months usually because of physical stimulation. This changes later on during life.

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16
Q

When do babies begin to experience fear?

A

At 5 months for strangers (known vs unknown becomes tangible)

At 8 months defense reactions become visible

17
Q

When does fear peak in babies?

A

At the end of 2 years

18
Q

When do babies begin to experience anger?
What triggers this?

A

At 4 months.

When they are limited in their movement or expectations are not met

19
Q

What do experiments show about the matching of emotions in voice and face?

A

7 Months old children prefer looking at videos of matching emotional expression, but younger than that do not.

20
Q

Who imitates whose facial expressions the most?

Children or parents?

A

Parents imitate their child’s facial expressions more than the other way round.
This applies mainly to positive emotional expressions.
In the first year of life.
haha :D

21
Q

How can parents help regulate their child’s emotions?

A

Through helping/learning to calm down
-> Comforting

Routines that prevent unexpected events.

They react to the child’s expressions.

Naming reactions can help with understanding the emotions

22
Q

How do children learn to regulate emotions?

And what are ways that children can regulate their emotions?

A

delaying emotional expression.
-> time to process and act

Action strategies
-> looking away thumb sucking hiding

By asking for help, playing, fantasy

Later by cognitive strategies
-> self talk, reframing, talk with peers

Hiding emotions

Learning from peers

23
Q

Is calming/reacting to emotions of children contraproductive?

A

No. Parental sensitivity is productive!

Studies showed, that it makes them more resilient in situations without support and they have fewer episodes of these emotions.

One might assume this is controproductive, because of behavioural theory of reinforcement

24
Q

What is emotional/instrumental social referencing?

What is important for this?

What is a classical experiment for this?

When does it start?

How does it develop during childhood?

A

That is when children use others (parents/siblings) reactions to guide their emotions/actions. They infer what they should be feeling/doing.

It is important that a common attention is established.
-> The child sees what the other reacts to.

The experiment is the visual cliff, where babies crawl over a (fake) cliff when met with encouragement.

This becomes less and less with age and they become better at evaluating a situation

It starts around when the child learns to move independently, because they need to know whether something is safe or not (7-12 months)

25
Q

What are moral emotions?

A

Emotions that build upon a moral standard. They can be directed towards someone else or one self.

Guilt and Pride towards one self
Disgust and contempt towards others

26
Q

What is the point of self referencing emotions?

A

Self referencing emotions like Guilt or Shame have the effect of not doing that action again/changing behaviour.

27
Q

How does the emotion of pride develop?

A

At first children feel pride when being recognized by others (parents).

Later pride can be experienced against a self set standard.

28
Q

What is shame?

A

Shame is a feeling of not achieving a self set standard, that reflects on one self.

Being exposed to various types of abuse can increase the feeling of shame felt in life.

29
Q

What is guilt?

A

Guilt is like shame, is triggered by not achieving a self set standard, it does not reflect on one self, but only on the situation

30
Q

Does emotionality increase or decrease in adolescence?

A

it increases!

31
Q

What is the difference between Sympathy and Empathy?

A

Empathy means you feel the same as the other person

Sympathy means you cognitively understand the feeling of the other person

32
Q

What are the 4 stages of Empathy development and what is the name of the guy who invented it?

A

Hoffman

  1. Global empathy - The child actually feels the same as another person
    -> “Emotional contagion
  2. Egocentric empathy - The child actively tries to help. They want to help from their perspective (a toy they like)
  3. Empathy for others feelings - The child tries to adapt their help to the perspective of the other person
  4. Empathy for others life situations - Empathy is expanded and abstract. One can have empathy for groups
33
Q

What can lead to more/less empathy?

A

Empathic parents leads to increased empathy.

Abuse leads to less empathy.

34
Q

What happens when a child has too much empathy?

A

They might be overwhelmed and develop internalizing disorders.

35
Q

What effect does an unstable household have on the development of emotional regulation of a child?

A

It leads to not having good role models and maladaptive strategies.

36
Q

What is Vigotsky’s general genetic law of cultural development?

A

Any function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first between people as an inter-psychological category, and then within the child as an intra-psychological category

37
Q

How does emotional regulation develop in children?

A

It goes from inter personal regulation to intra personal regulation (but never fully achieves intrapersonal regulation)